The digital closet, p.36
The Digital Closet, page 36
feminists and, 27–30, 55
incels and, 29, 32, 38, 48–52
legislation and, 11–12, 28, 58, 104, 111–113, 115–117, 128–130, 149–151, 175–176
major US companies and, 58–59, 114–115
manosphere and, 29, 30–32
Moral Majority and, 4, 27–30
National Center on Sex Exploitation (NCOSE) and, 29, 52–59
NoFap community and, 29, 32, 38, 39–44
politics and, 27–28, 58, 129
Proud Boys and, 29, 32, 38, 44–48
recent growth of, 177–178
Apple, 63, 66
overblocking in App Store of, 130–136
Arnold, Stevan J., 51
Artificial intelligence (AI), 2, 94, 185
Artistic nudity, 122–123
Atlantic, 125, 151
Auerbach, David, 152
Autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) videos, 142–144
Avluv, Veronica, 165
Axel, Evelyne, 118
Bains, Sunny, 62
Banet-Weiser, Sarah, 22–23, 30–31, 32, 64, 65
Banks, Ginger, 164
Bardo, Sal, 138, 140
Barnes & Noble, 134
Barrat, Robbie, 122
Barrett, Michele, 17
Bateman, A. J., 50–51
Bedsider, 124–125
Bell, Kristina, 64
Benjamin, Ruha, 25
Benton, Layton, 165
Berlant, Lauren, 18
Bersani, Leo, 22
Betas, 34–35, 39
Bianchi, Tom, 133
Black, Edwin, 97
Black and Indigenous people of color (BIPOC), 23, 25–26
facial recognition bias and, 91–92
Black Lives Matter movement, 186
Blackpill, 50–52
Blake, Pandora, 150, 154, 155
Blogger, 137
Blue, Violet, 104, 128, 143, 145, 155
Bock, Laszlo, 67
Boebi, Stevie, 139, 141
Boy Scout Handbook, 43
Bratich, Jack, 31
Brexit, 150
Brin, Sergey, 67
British Board of Film Censors (BBFC), 150–151
Brock, André, 25
Brotopia, 64
Brown, Danielle, 73
Bryson, Joanna J., 85
Buolamwini, Joy, 25, 91, 92
Burgess, Jean, 133, 137
Burroughs, William S., 134
Caldwell-Stone, Deborah, 113
Californian Ideology, 77–78
Caliskan, Aylin, 85
Calvin and Hobbes, 4
Cambridge Analytica, 99, 129
Cameron, David, 149
Carceral feminism, 22
Cardi B, 142
Carter, Jimmy, 4, 27
Censorship, 7–8. See also Overblocking
arguments against internet, 112–113
of books, 134–135
hashtag, 131–132
human algorithms and, 98–102, 118
of LGBTQIA+ communities, 9–11, 24–25, 127–128
in major US companies, 58–59, 114–115
as not effective, 180–181
overboard, 9, 10–11
in school databases, 113–114
by Tumblr, 145–149
Cernovich, Mike, 74
Chang, Emily, 61, 64, 66
Charmed circle concept, 18–20
Chase bank, 165, 170–171
Cheves, Alexander, 133
Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 111–115
Cho, Alexander, 95, 147
Christian conservatives, 4, 18–20, 27, 53–59, 159, 177
Cisnormativity, 15, 35, 38
Clay, Cyndee, 135
Cleland, John, 7
Clement VII, Pope, 7
Closetedness, 18
Closet queen, 95, 96
Cloudflare, 164
Cloud Vision API, 80, 119, 121, 122
definition of explicitness in, 80–81
Venus de Milo run through, 81–82
Code switching, 13
Cohen, Noam, 77
Cole, Samantha, 94, 166
Communications Decency Act (CDA), 115
Community organizing, 187
Conte, Jack, 169–170
Content moderation, online, 1–2
Facebook’s human algorithms and, 98–102
Convolutional neural network (CNN), 88–90, 120
Cosmopolitan, 114
COVID-19 pandemic, 175
Craigslist, 163, 165
Creative Calm, 143
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 57
Cuckservatives, 45
Cultural nudity, 106–107
Cultural will-to-humiliation, 31
Custodians of the Internet, 106
Cutts, Matt, 79–80
Cyberporn, 111–115
Cyrus, Miley, 132
Czech Casting, 94
D’Adamo, Kate, 166
Daguerreotype, 7
Daily Beast, The, 131
Daley, Tom, 140
Damore, James, 70–76
Danesi, Dee Dennis Tess, 166
Datasets, visual, 90–91
racial bias in, 91–92
Western context bias of, 92–93
Decker, Sue, 65
Deepfake pornography, 94
D’Emilio, John, 14
Demone, Courtney, 83, 108
DeviantArt.com, 119
Deysach, Searah, 167
Diefendorf, Sarah, 30
Digital closet, 3, 37, 178–179, 181
revisionist response to, 183–186
revolutionary response to, 186–189
Digital divide, 25
Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 152
Dines, Gail, 56
Discus, 38
Doezema, Jo, 22
Donnelly, Denise, 49
Donzelot, Jacques, 16
Döring, Nicola, 127, 160, 162
Dreams of Spanking, 150
DuBois, Sharon, 143
Duguay, Stefanie, 133, 147, 148
Duke, Peter, 74
Dunn, Gaby, 139
Dworkin, Andrea, 28–29
Dyer-Witheford, Nick, 78
Eastenders, 101
EBSCO Information Services, 113–114
Efros, Alexei A., 90
Electronic Engineering Times, 62
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 128, 176
Eliminating Abusive and Rampant Neglect of Interactive Technologies Act (EARN IT Act), 175–176
Ellcessor, Elizabeth, 26
Ellis, Kelly, 72
Ellis, Rowan, 140, 141
Elmer-Dewitt, Philip, 111
Ema, 118
Engels, Friedrich, 17
Enough Is Enough, 4, 114
Ensmenger, Nathan, 25, 64
Erectile dysfunction (ED), 40
EroGANous project, 121, 122
Escorts, 152–153
ESPN, 118
Ethical Artificial Intelligence Team, Google, 91
ExtremeTube, 151
Fabio, 62
Facebook, 1, 63, 67, 78, 135–136, 172
community standards of, 102–110
human algorithms of, 98–102
Single Review Tool (SRT), 99
Facial recognition bias, 91–92
Falwell, Jerry, Jr., 4
Falwell, Jerry, Sr., 4, 27
Family, societal views of, 15–17
Family Research Council, 4
Fanny Hill, 7
Father Knows Best, 45
Federal Trade Commission, 156
Feminism, 16, 178
anti-pornography movement and, 27–30, 55
carceral, 22
intersectionality and sex-critical, 21–26, 57
post-, 22–23
sex work and, 21–24
Feminist porn, 160
Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act, 115
Fire Island, 133
First Amendment rights, 112–113
Fisher, Max, 100
Forney, Matt, 45
FOSTA-SESTA (Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act and Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act), 11–12, 104, 115
ASMR videos and, 142–144
financial incentive to overblock and, 128–130
new political economy of sex work and, 163–171
overblocking in runup to, 115–117
#THOTAUDIT and alt-right exploitation of, 171–174
Foucault, Michel, 177
4chan, 4, 31
Fraser, Nancy, 18
Freedman, Estelle B., 14
Freedom House, 115–116
Freedom Works, 176
Fuchs, Christopher, 78
Fully Automate Luxury Gay Space Communism, 189
Gaddam, Sai, 153
Gallas, Vicky, 166
Gallup, Cindy, 167
Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, 2
GayTube, 151
Gebru, Timnit, 25, 91, 92
Gender
anatomical sex and, 36–37, 75
emergence of modern binary gender roles and, 41–42
feminism and, 16
heteronormativity and, 15–16
incels and blackpill, 50–52
intersex persons and, 36
marriage and, 17
neomasculinity and, 35–38
Proud Boys on, 45–46
Generative adversarial network (GAN), 120, 122
Gilbert, Susan, 124
Gillespie, Tarleton, 100, 106
Gilmartin, Brian, 49
Ginsberg, Allen, 134
Girls Do Porn, 94
Giroux, Henry, 179–180
Global South, 23
Globe and Mail, The, 45
Google, 6, 12, 26, 32, 184. See also Cloud Vision API
AdSense ads, 136–137
anti-pornography movement and, 58–59
gender bias at, 67–68, 70–76
as ideological echo chamber, 71–72
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC), 83–84
Inclusive Images Competition, 93–94
James Damore’s memo about, 70–76
men as majority of employees at, 67
overblocking by, 136–142
SafeSearch, Cloud Vision, and, 63–64, 78, 79–98, 117, 155–163
Translate, 100
understanding of term bisexual, 126
YouTube, 137–142
Graham, Lindsey, 175
Graham, Sylvester, 42
Grant, Melissa Gira, 21
Green, Joshua, 137
Greenblatt, Stephen, 41–42
Greenwald, Anthony, 69
Guardian, 100
Hacker ethic, 76–77. See also Google
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, 76
Hall, G. Stanley, 42–43
Halpern, Diane, 75
Handler, Chelsea, 132
Hashtag censorship, 131–132
Hayes, Dennis, 76–77
Hess, Amanda, 172
Heteronormativity, 9, 181–182
adolescent psychology and, 42–43
anxieties about trans people and gay men in, 22
censorship and, 7–8
Christian religiosity and, 18–20
of code, 76–79
of coders, 64–70
of content review labor, 98–110
defining, 12–21, 19
foundational ambiguity of, 13
gender and, 15–16
queerness and, 20
social hygiene movement and, 42
as stable construct in U.S. history, 12–13
tube sites and the vicious circle of, 149–155
Heteroporn, mainstream American, 2–3, 12, 24, 56–57, 155
“bisexual” term in, 126
Google SafeSearch and, 157–159
hegemony of, 157–158
legislation affecting, 151
metadata of, 153
misogynistic sex acts in, 152–153
obsession with objectification in, 94–95, 159–160
pornoliteracy and, 161
spam-based advertisements in, 145
Tumblr as alternative to, 148
wide distribution networks for, 117
Heterosexuality
female, 17
paradox of conflicting definitions of, 20
societal control over, 14–15
societal history of, 13–15
tragedy of, 10
Victorian norms of, 14, 177
Hicks, Mar, 25, 61, 62
Highfield, Tim, 148
Hinton, Geoffrey E., 87–88
Hirschfeld, Magnus, 43
Hookup culture, 14
Houpt, Simon, 45
Huffington Post, 163
Hughes, Donna Rice, 4
Human algorithms, 98–102, 118, 185–186
Human Rights Watch, 176
Hypergamy, 50–51
Ice Cream, 118
Ikea, 142
ImageNet, 83–84, 87–97
adversarial examples, 120
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC), 83–84, 88
I Modi, 7
Implicit Association Test, 69
Incels, 29, 32, 38, 48–52, 173
Inclusive Images Competition, Google, 93–94
Infloglut, 6
Instagram, 131–134
Intersectionality and sex-critical feminism, 21–26, 57
Intersex persons, 36
Invention of Heterosexuality, The, 13
Islamophobia, 45
Jackson, Sue, 40, 41
Jenkins, Henry, 111–112
Jobs, Steve, 130, 136
Johnson, Virginia, 43
Journal of Sex Research, 49
JPEG technology, 61, 63
Just Between Us, 139
Kaiser Family Foundation, 112–113
Kampe, Christopher, 64
Kardashian, Kim, 5
Katz, Jonathan Ned, 13, 15
Kay, Jonathan, 13
Keating, Frank, 170
Keep a Breast Foundation, 125
Kellogg, J. H., 42
Kellogg’s cereals, 42
Kelly Madison Media, 164
Kessler, Jason, 47
Kinsey, Alfred, 43
Kipnis, Laura, 159, 161
Klingemann, Mario, 121, 122–123
Kodak, 63
Kosinski, Michal, 96
Kristof, Nicholas, 166
Krizhevsky, Alex, 87–88
Lacy, Sarah, 125
Laqueur, Thomas, 41, 43
Lawrence v. Texas, 86
Lazzarato, Gigi, 141
Lee, Tieran, 165
Leibovitz, Annie, 74
Levy, Steven, 76–77
Ley, David, 39
LGBTQIA+ community
artistic production by, 109–110
better adjudication mechanisms for carve-outs for, 185
children in, 179–180
decline in acceptance of, 2
demonitization and censorship on YouTube, 139–142
in the digital closet, 3, 38, 178–179, 181, 183–189
Facebook discrimination against, 101
forced closetedness of, 17–18, 21
heteronormative anxieties about trans people and gay men of, 22
marginalization of, 1, 97–98, 178
online censorship of, 24–25
outed by computers, 95–96
overblocking by Facebook, 135–136
overblocking by Google SafeSearch, 126–127
overboard censorship of, 9–11, 115–116
pro-pornography studies and, 160
in the public sphere, 18
Tumblr and, 145–149
LGBTQ Nation, 133
Libertarianism, 45, 74
Californian Ideology and, 77–78
Lithography, 6–7
Little Mermaid, The, 118
Love-shyness, 49
Lust, Erika, 138
Mac, Juno, 21–22
Machine learning, 2, 80
YouTube censorship and, 138
MacKinnon, Catharine, 28–29
Madison, Ryan, 164
Magnet, Shoshana, 161
Mailer, Norman, 134
Manosphere, 29, 30–32
Roosh V, pickup artistry, and neomasculinity in, 29, 32–39
Marriage, 15–16, 17
Marxist theory, 78
Mastercard, 165–166
Masters, William, 43
Masturbation, 39–40, 41, 42, 43
Matrix, The, 50
Mayer, Marissa, 145
Mayhem, Maggie, 166
McCarthy, John, 77
McCombs, Emily, 163, 164
McEvoy, Kathleen, 114
McIlwain, Charlton D., 25
McInnes, Gavin, 44–48
McIntosh, Mary, 17
McSwiggan, Calum, 140
Meese, Edwin, 27
Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW), 32
Menopause the Musical, 131
Michelob, 142
Miller v. California, 113
MindGeek, 5, 149, 151–154
Misogyny, 1, 9–10, 29, 31–32, 181
anti-pornography movement and, 159, 177
catalyzed by social media, 31
manosphere and, 31
pornoliteracy and, 158
in Silicon Valley, 70
toxic geek masculinity and, 64
tube sites and, 153
Morality in Media. See National Center on Sex Exploitation (NCOSE)
Moral Majority, 4, 27–30, 55
Morgan, Nicky, 150
Morley-Souter, Peter, 4
Motherboard, 101, 135, 141, 164, 166
MP3 files, 63
Murphy, Melanie, 141
Mustard Dream, 121
Myth of Sex Addiction, The, 39
Nakamura, Lisa, 182
Naked Lunch, 134
Name That Dataset!, 90
Narayanan, Arvind, 85
National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 124–125
National Center on Sex Exploitation (NCOSE), 29, 52–59, 113–114, 129
National Coalition for Sexual Health, 124
Needell, Deanna, 62
Neomasculinity, 31–32
Roosh V, pickup artistry, and, 29, 32–39
Neonfiona, 140–141, 142
Netflix, 5
Netporn, 160
“New Jim Code,” 25
Newton, Helmut, 118
New York City Sex Blogger Calendar, 166
New York Magazine, 30, 42
New York Times, 45, 67, 74, 166
Nixon, Richard, 27
Noble, Safiya, 25–26, 157
NoFap movement, 29, 32, 38, 39–44
Noir, SX, 141–142
Nonsexual speech, 112
Oakley, Tyler, 140, 141
Obama, Barack, 72
ODesk, 99
Off button, reinstating the, 186
Ogas, Ogi, 153
Onania: Or, the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, and All Its Frightful Consequences (in Both Sexes) Considered, 41–42
Open Images, 94
Operation Choke Point, 170–171
Origin of the World, The, 118
Ovechkin, Alex, 146–147
Overblocking, 3, 38, 178–179
in Apple’s App Store, 130–136
of ASMR videos, 142–144
