The world around the old.., p.58
The World around the Old Testament, page 58
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1. See Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, trans. Peter T. Daniels (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2002), 13–161.
2. Ibid., 515–86.
3. Ibid., 693–768.
4. Ibid., 615–90, 717–18, 858–61.
5. Ibid., 769–871.
6. Albert T. E. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), xii.
7. Ibid., 524.
8. See Caroline Waerzeggers, “The Babylonian Revolts against Xerxes and the ‘End of Archives,’” AfO (2003–4): 150–73; Wouter Henkelman, Amélie Kuhrt, Robert Rollinger, and Josef Wiesehöfer, “Herodotus and Babylon Reconsidered,” in Herodotus and the Persian Empire, ed. Robert Rollinger, Brigitte Truschnegg, and Reinhold Bichler (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011), 449–70.
9. See Pierre Briant, Darius in the Shadow of Alexander, trans. Jane Marie Todd (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); Briant, “The Empire of Darius III in Perspective,” in Alexander the Great: A New History, ed. Waldemar Heckel and Lawrence A. Trittle (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 141–70; Briant, Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 171–80.
10. The importance of the text of Polyaenus, which has always been highlighted in the scholarship (Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 286–97; BHAch 2:100–107), was analyzed again with unparalleled precision by Suzanne Amigues, “Pour la table du Grand Roi,” Journal des Savants (2003): 3–59. See also Wouter Henkelman, “‘Consumed before the King’: The Table of Darius, That of Irdabama and Irtaštuna, and That of His Satrap, Karkiš,” in Der Achämenidenhof / The Achaemenid Court: Akten des 2. Internationalen Kolloquiums zum Thema “Vorderasien im Spannungsfeld klassischer und altorientalischer Überlieferungen,” ed. Bruno Jacobs and Robert Rollinger (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2010), 667–776.
11. See Seyed Mohammad Reza Darbandi and Antigoni Zournatzi, eds., Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran: Cross-Cultural Encounters (Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation, 2008).
12. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 216–25; Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period (London: Routledge, 2010), 531–44.
13. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 563–67, 615–34, 769–80.
14. Ibid., 114–28.
15. Darius inscription b at Naqsh-i Rustam, in Roland G. Kent, Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, 2nd ed., AOS 33 (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1953), 138–40.
16. On the religion of the Achaemenid court, see BHAch 1:71–76; 2:112–18. Thereafter, see Albert de Jong, “Religion at the Achaemenid Court,” in Jacobs and Rollinger, Der Achämenidenhof / The Achaemenid Court, 533–58. On the contribution of the Persepolis Tablets, see Wouter Henkelman, The Other Gods Who Are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts, AchHist 14 (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2008); Henkelman, “Parnakka’s Feast: Šip in Persia and Elam,” in Elam and Persia, ed. Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011), 89–166; and Mark B. Garrison, “By the Favour of Auramazdā: Kingship and the Divine in the Early Achaemenid Period,” in More Than Men, Less Than Gods: Studies on Royal Cult and Imperial Worship, ed. P. I. Iossif, A. Chankowski, and C. Lorber (Leuven: Peeters, 2011), 15–104, which includes an exhaustive bibliography.
17. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 165–85; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 488–501; see also John Curtis and S. Ramzjou, “The Palace,” in Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia, ed. John Curtis and Nigel Tallis (London: British Museum Press, 2005), 50–103; Dietrich Huff, “Überlegungen zu Funktion, Genese und Nachfolge des Apadana,” in Jacobs and Rollinger, Der Achämenidenhof/The Achaemenid Court, 311–51; Rémy Boucharlat, “Le destin des résidences et sites perses d’Iran dans la seconde moitié du IVe siècle avant J.-C.,” in La transition entre l’empire achéménide et les royaumes hellénistiques, ed. Pierre Briant and Francis Joannès, Persika 9 (Paris: de Boccard, 2006), 443–70; Amélie Kuhrt, “The Palace(s) of Babylon,” in The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium B.C.: Regional Development and Cultural Interchange between East and West, ed. Inge Nielsen (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2001), 77–93; D. Stronach, “From Cyrus to Darius: Notes on Art and Architecture in Early Achaemenid Palaces,” in Nielsen, Royal Palace Institution, 95–112; and Rémy Boucharlat, “The Palace and the Royal Achaemenid City: Two Case Studies—Pasargadae and Susa,” in Nielsen, Royal Palace Institution, 113–23.
18. On this point, see the studies of Rémy Boucharlat, most recently “Gardens and Parks at Pasargadae: Two ‘Paradises?,’” in Rollinger, Truschnegg, and Bichler, Herodotus and the Persian Empire, 557–74 (with bibliography).
19. Darius inscription f at Susa §7, in Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 492.
20. On these topics, see Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 165; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 488–97 (Susa inscriptions in English translation); and Jean Perrot, ed., The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia, trans. Gérard Collon (London: I. B. Tauris, 2013). On the movement of construction workers between Susa, Persepolis, and the provinces, see Pierre Briant, “Susa and Elam in the Achaemenid Empire,” in Perrot, Palace of Darius at Susa, 3–25. On the ethnic diversity of the kurtaš of Persepolis, see the case of the Skudrians, treated exhaustively in Wouter Henkelman and Matthew W. Stolper, “Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Labelling at Persepolis: The Case of the Skudrians,” in Organisation des pouvoirs et contacts culturels dans les pays de l’empire achéménide, ed. Pierre Briant and Michel Chauveau, Persika 14 (Paris: de Boccard, 2009), 271–330; see also Robert Rollinger and Wouter Henkelman, “New Observations on ‘Greeks’ in the Achaemenid Empire according to the Cuneiform Texts from Babylonia and Persepolis,” in Briant and Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs, 331–52; and M. Wasmuth, “Egyptians in Persia,” in Briant and Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs, 133–44.
21. On the Palace of the Chaour at Susa, see Rémy Boucharlat, “Other Works of Darius and His Successors,” in Perrot, Palace of Darius at Susa, 359–403. On the history of the excavations at Persepolis, see Ali Mousavi, Persepolis: Discovery and Afterlife of a World Wonder (Boston: de Gruyter, 2012).
22. Herodotus, The Histories, trans. George Rawlinson (New York: Knopf, 1997), 269.
23. See Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 466–69; Briant, “Empire of Darius III,” 160–62; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 881–82. For Egypt, see Günther Vittmann, “Rupture and Continuity: On Priests and Officials in Egypt during the Persian Period,” in Briant and Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs, 102–4.
24. A synthetic study of Egypt during the Achaemenid period is still lacking, but see Günther Vittmann, Ägypten und die Fremden im ersten vorchristliche Jahrtausend (Mainz: von Zabern, 2003), 84–179; Vittmann, “Ägypten zur Zeit der Perserherrschaft,” in Rollinger, Truschnegg, and Bichler, Herodotus and the Persian Empire, 373–430. See also the articles collected in Briant and Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs, 23–214, esp. H. S. Smith and C. J. Martin, “Demotic Papyri from the Sacred Animal Necropolis of North Saqqarah: Certainly or Possibly of Achaemenid Date,” 23–78 (the editio princeps of papyri from Saqqara, which consist primarily of official reports). The recent monograph by Stephen Ruzicka, Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BCE (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), focuses on Greek activity in the Nile Delta, without taking the Aramaic and Egyptian documentation into due account.
25. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 474; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 852–54.
26. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 385–87, 417–18, 448–51; Briant, “Empire of Darius III,” 148–51.
27. See Christopher Tuplin, “Managing the World: Herodotus on Achaemenid Imperial Organisation,” in Rollinger, Truschnegg, and Bichler, Herodotus and the Persian Empire, 39–63.
28. On this text, see Raymond Descat, “Aspects d’une transition: L’économie du monde égéen (350–300),” in Briant and Joannès, La transition, 368–71.
29. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 397–98; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 672–73.
30. Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 704–5. On taxes and duties in Babylonia, see Michael Jursa, Aspects of the Economic History of Babylonia in the First Millennium B.C.: Economic Geography, Economic Mentalities, Agriculture, the Use of Money, and the Problem of Economic Growth (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010); Michael Jursa, “On Aspects of Taxation in Achaemenid Babylonia: New Evidence from Borsippa,” in Briant and Chauveau, Organisation des pouvoirs, 237–70.
31. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 439–42. See also Christopher Tuplin, “Taxation and Death: Certainties in the Persepolis Fortification Archive?,” in L’archive des fortifications de Persépolis: État des questions et perspectives de recherches, ed. Pierre Briant, Wouter Henkelman, and Matthew W. Stolper, Persika 12 (Paris: de Boccard, 2008), 317–86.
32. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 439–41; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 772–73. For Aramaic occurrences, see Ezra 4:13, 20; 6:8; 7:24.
33. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 429–39; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 793–802.
34. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 286–97; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 711–13. See also Henkelman, “‘Consumed before the King,’” 667–776.
35. Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 704.
36. Jursa, Aspects of the Economic History of Babylonia, 251–52; Kathleen Abraham, Business and Politics under the Persian Empire: The Financial Dealings of Marduk-nāsir-apli of the House of Egibi (521–487 B.C.E.) (Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2004), 41–44; Francis Joannès, “Les droits sur l’eau en Babylonie récente,” Annales: Histoire, Sciences sociales 57 (2002): 592–607.
37. Published in 1986 by Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni, Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, vol. 3 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1986), this document (C3.7) is reproduced in English translation in Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 681–703, and is commented upon at length in Pierre Briant and Raymond Descat, “A Customs Register from the Satrapy of Egypt in the Achaemenid Period (TAD C3, 7),” in Briant, Kings, Countries and Peoples, trans. Amélie Kuhrt, OeO (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, forthcoming), chap. 18, with my foreword §6 and nn. 70–72 for more recent studies.
38. See Bojana Janković, Vogelzucht und Vogelfang in Sippar im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2004).
39. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 425–28, 439–46, 456–63.
40. BHAch 1:32–33, 88–89. These documents, edited by Damien Agut-Labordère and Michel Chauveau, are available at http://www.achemenet.com. A print publication will be published later by the Institut français d’archéologie orientale. See already several preliminary publications by Michel Chauveau: “Les qanāts dans les ostraca de Manâwir,” in Irrigation et drainage dans l’Antiquité: Qanāts et canalisations souterraines en Iran, en Égypte et en Grèce, ed. Pierre Briant, Persika 2 (Paris: Thotm éditions, 2001), 137–42; Chauveau, “Les archives démotiques d’époque perse: À propos des archives démotiques d’Ayn-Manawîr,” in Briant, Henkelman, and Stolper, L’archive des fortifications de Persépolis, 517–23; Chauveau, “Les archives démotiques du temple de Ayn Manâwir,” ARTA 2011.002. http://www.achemenet.com/pdf/arta/2011.002-Chauveau.pdf.
41. BHAch 1:33.
42. Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 724.
43. See Pierre Briant, “Polybius X 28 and the qanāts: The Evidence and Its Limitations,” in Briant, Kings, Countries and Peoples, chap. 13, with my foreword §5 and n. 58; see also several other papers in Briant, Irrigation et drainage dans l’Antiquité. On the use of irrigation water in the various regions of the Achaemenid Empire, see Briant, “The State, the Earth and Water between the Nile and Syr Darya,” in Briant, Kings, Countries and Peoples, chap. 15, with bibliography.
44. For example, PF 1357 mentions that a Babylonian treasury was transferred to Persepolis.
45. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 428–33, 440–41; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 786–93.
46. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 433.
47. See Michael Jursa, “The Remuneration of Institutional Labourers in an Urban Context in Babylonia in the First Millennium BC,” in Briant, Henkelman, and Stolper, L’archive des fortifications de Persépolis, 387–427.
48. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 357–87; BHAch 2:125–27, 147; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 730–62. On the system of roads, see Briant, “From the Indus to the Mediterranean: The Administrative Organization and Logistics of the Great Roads of the Achaemenid Empire,” in Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre-Modern World, ed. Susan Alcock, John Bodel, and Richard Talbert (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 185–201; Briant, “Susa and Elam in the Achaemenid Empire,” in Perrot, Palace of Darius at Susa, 3–25 (esp. 14–22). On the river-roads between southern Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf, see Briant, Alexander the Great and His Empire, 89–96; and Briant, “The Katarraktai of the Tigris: Irrigation-Works, Commerce and Shipping in Elam and Babylonia from Darius to Alexander,” in Briant, Kings, Countries and Peoples, chap. 28, with my foreword §7 and nn. 90–91.
49. Joseph Naveh and Shaul Shaked, The Khalili Collection: Ancient Aramaic Documents from Bactria (London: Khalili Collections, 2012), C1 (pp. 177–85).
50. See Bojana Janković, “Travel Provisions in Babylonia in the First Millennium BC,” in Briant, Henkelman, and Stolper, L’archive des fortifications de Persépolis, 429–64. The subject of shipping in Babylonia is treated in Jursa, Aspects of the Economic History of Babylonia, 62–140.
51. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 364–68.
52. B. Porten and A. Yardeni, Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt, vol. 1 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1986), A6.
53. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 172–83; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 476–87.
54. Inscription of Darius at Susa (statue), in Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 478.
55. On the statue of Darius and its inscriptions, see J. Yoyotte, “The Egyptian Statue of Darius,” in Perrot, Palace of Darius at Susa, 241–71; quotation on p. 262.
56. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 472–84, 510–11, 956–57; BHAch 2:59–60; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 117–27, 852–54.
57. See the detailed discussions in BHAch 1:94–97; 2:176–87; and now in Briant, Kings, Countries and Peoples, chaps. 2–4 with my foreword §3.
58. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, 43–44.
59. Ibid., 44–49, 487–93; Kuhrt, Persian Empire, 70–85.
60. The secondary literature on this topic is extensive. For recent studies, see Laurie Pearce, “New Evidence for Judeans in Babylonia,” in Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, ed. Oded Lipschits and Manfred Oeming (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006), 399–411; Gary N. Knoppers and Lester L. Grabbe, eds., Exile and Restoration Revisited: Essays on the Babylonian and Persian Periods in Memory of Peter R. Ackroyd (London: T&T Clark, 2009). On the governors of Yehud and Samaria, see André Lemaire, “Administration in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Judah in Light of Epigraphy and Numismatics,” in Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., ed. Oded Lipschits, Gary Knoppers, and Rainer Albertz (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2007), 53–74; Hanan Eshel, “The Governors of Samaria in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E.,” in Lipschits, Knoppers, and Albertz, Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E., 223–36.
