Unruly, p.41
Unruly, page 41
temper 184–5, 188, 286
see also specific monarchs
Poitevins 209
Poitiers, battle of 267, 268, 271, 305
Poitou 208
Pole, Reginald 380–1
poll tax (1300s) 281–2
poll tax (1980s/1990s) 244, 281
polytheism 26
Pontefract Castle 293
porphyrogeniture 148–9, 151, 154, 159, 188
Portugal 391
primogeniture 86–7, 139, 148, 150, 151, 154, 159, 199, 205, 247–8, 265–6, 285, 337, 346, 401
Princes in the Tower 335–6, 338, 340, 342
see also Edward V, King of England; Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
Privy Council 226, 375
Protestantism 301, 370–2, 379, 388
Protestants 57, 179, 357, 362, 364, 367, 370–3, 374, 376, 377–8, 380–1, 387–90, 392
Provision of Oxford 226, 230
Prussians 46
Puritans 387
Puyi 332
QI (TV show) 346–7
Queen Regent’s Prerogative Act 1554 379
Queen’s Marriage Act 1554 379–80
Radcot Bridge, battle of 291
Raedwald, King of East Anglia 33, 39
Ranulf de Gernon, Earl of Chester 170, 171
Reformation 57, 357, 360, 361, 363–5, 369, 385
religion 25–6, 31–2, 37, 82, 146, 197, 210–11, 232, 380, 381, 387
see also specific religions
Remus 19
Renaissance 19, 20, 347, 392–3
Rex totius Britanniae 66, 71
Rheims cathedral 317, 327
Ricardian poets 288
Richard I, King of England 188, 190, 191–200, 204, 205, 222, 228, 234, 254–5, 260, 352
Richard II, Duke of Normandy 74
Richard II, King of England 265–6, 272–3, 278–93, 297, 298–9, 300, 304, 333, 396–7, 401, 403
court 287–8
Richard III, King of England 142, 144, 174, 330, 332, 337–44, 347, 348, 349
Richard III Society 339
Richard of Normandy (son of William I) 138
Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 335, 348
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 174–5, 318–19, 320, 322–5, 328
Rivers, Earl 341
Rizzio, David 390
Robert, Earl of Gloucester 157, 168–72
Robert II, Duke of Normandy (Robert Curthose) 138–40, 143, 146–8, 150–2, 156, 162, 169, 187, 194, 206, 222, 401, 402
Robert the Bruce 243–4, 253–4
Robert de Brus 241, 243
Robert of Jumièges 95, 96
Robin Hood 199
Rollo 60–1, 139
Roman Catholicism 377
Roman Catholics 317, 364, 372
priests 148
Roman church 37
Roman Empire 16, 30, 37, 66, 67, 346, 361
see also Eastern Roman Empire; Western Roman Empire
Romano-British 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23–4, 26, 30, 40
Romans 11, 17, 20, 24, 26–7, 29, 40, 41, 48, 69, 71, 130, 132, 211, 398
Rome, break with 359, 377, 381
Romulus 19
rookeries 164–5
Roosevelt, Franklyn D. 404
Rosebery, Lord 57–8
Rouen 60–1, 76, 128, 129, 317
‘Ruin, The’ (poem) 23, 25
Rule of St Benedict 70
Runnymede 214
Russia 2, 45
Russian Revolution 129, 281
St Albans
first battle of 323, 324
second battle of 326, 327
St Brice’s Day massacre 74
St Giles in the Fields 164
St Paul’s Cathedral 299
Saladin 196
Salic law 298
Sandmark, Stig 249
Saturn 27
Savoy Palace 283
Saxons 18, 70, 398
see also Anglo-Saxons; East Saxons; South Saxons; West Saxons
Scandinavia 46–8, 73, 74, 81, 92, 108, 112
Scarborough 251
Scotland 4, 6, 17, 58, 66, 70, 143, 231, 236, 239–45, 262, 290, 313, 327, 356, 370, 384, 389
Scottish national identity 254
Scottish nationalism 244–5, 253
Second World War 1–4
secular clerks 70
Seine, battle of the 311
Sellers, Peter 45
Senlac Hill 109, 114
serfs 130, 179, 235
Sergius I, Pope 34
Seven Years’ War 235
Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset 370–1, 372
Seymour, Jane 362, 363, 370
Shakespeare, William 204, 227, 302, 305, 321, 338, 359, 389, 392–3, 395–7, 401, 404
Shapps, Grant 229
Sherman Brothers 259
shires 70
Shrewsbury, battle of 304, 318
Sicily 223–4, 225
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor 310
Simnel, Lambert 348–9
Simpson, Wallis 262
slavery 130
Smith, Robin 233
Smithfield 283
sodomy 142
Somerset 52
Somerset Levels 55, 76
Sorrento, Italy 36
South America 380
South Saxons 18
Soviet Union 196
Spain 34, 86, 355, 362, 380, 383, 391
Spanish Armada 383–4, 389, 391
Spears, Britney 213
Stafford, Henry, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 341–2
Stalin, Joseph 32, 67, 292
Stamford Bridge, battle of 108
Stanley, Lord 343
Stanley, Sir William 343, 349
Statute of Labourers 1351 275, 282
Statute of Pleading 1362 268–9
Stephen, King of England 142, 159–73, 174–8, 183, 185, 187, 206, 211, 222, 228, 239, 248, 285, 304, 340, 401
Stigand, Archbishop 96, 141
Stirling Bridge, battle of 243
Stirling Castle 253
Stoke Field, battle of 348, 356
Stone of Destiny 242–4
Strathclyde 66
Stuart, Charles Edward (Bonny Prince Charlie) 76, 77
Stuarts 174, 313, 321
see also specific Stuarts
Sudbury, Simon 283
Suffolk 257
sumptuary laws 282
Sun (newspaper) 88
Sussex 39, 40, 60
Sutton Hoo ship burial 17, 29, 33, 41
Sweyn II, King of Denmark 135
Sweyn Forkbeard 73, 76–8, 81, 82
Syria 194
Taiwan 269
Talleyrand 252–3
taxation 83, 89–90, 101, 235, 299
Tewkesbury, battle of 332
Thames River 69
Thatcher, Margaret 164, 281
Thatcher administration 244
Theobald of Bec 179, 183
Theobald, Count of Blois 169, 170
Thierry 156
Third Succession Act 1543 368
Thirty Years’ War 364
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster 250–1
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 290
Thor 47, 198
Thunor (Thor) 27, 32
Tiberius, Emperor 67
Tilbury 388
Times, The (newspaper) 246, 273
Tinchebray, battle of 151
Tiw 27
Tories 308–9
Tostig Godwinson 101–2, 107, 108
Touraine 176
Tower Hill 350
Tower of London 133, 223, 242, 257, 283, 322, 328, 331, 332, 335, 341, 347, 348, 349–50, 354, 356, 373, 378, 386
Towton, battle of 327, 329
Troy 361
Troyes, treaty of 311
Trump, Donald 88, 291
Truss, Liz 58
Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke 325, 343
Tudor, Margaret 351, 390
Tudor, Owen 325
Tudors 174, 321, 334–5, 337–9, 350, 368, 371, 373, 381, 402
see also specific monarchs
Turkey 2
Turks 196
Tyburn gallows 263, 350
Tyler, Wat 282, 283–4
Tyrian purple 148
United Kingdom 4
judicial system 400
see also Britain; Great Britain
United Nations (UN) 269
Valois, House of 268, 304, 325
Vandals 17
Varangian Guard 108
Verdun, treaty of 60
Verneuil, battle of 315–16
Versailles 288
Victoria, Queen 65
Victorians 21, 119, 133, 164, 225–6, 227
Vienna 197
Vikings see Danes (Vikings/Northmen)
Visigoths 34
Vortigern 16–18
Wakefield, battle of 324
Wales 4, 6, 11, 36–7, 41, 55, 66, 70, 143, 191, 231, 236, 237–8, 244, 245, 300, 343
Wallace, William 243, 244
Wallingford 167, 168
Wallingford Castle 177
Walsingham, Sir Francis 391
Walter, Hubert 208
‘Wanderer, The’ (poem) 23–4, 25
Warbeck, Perking 348, 349–50, 355
Warne, Shane 233
Wars of the Roses 320–5, 327–9, 337, 341, 346, 402
Warwick Castle 251, 259, 260
Wash, the 215
‘wasting’ tactic 117–18, 134–6, 271
Waterloo, battle of 115, 128
Wehha 16–17, 18
Wehrmacht 1
Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington 115
Welsh-English border 38
Wessex 15, 39–41, 48, 51, 54–6, 60, 69, 78, 88, 101, 135, 159
Wessex, House of 64, 68–9, 74, 89, 91, 154
West Country 370
West Francia 60–2
West, Fred 141
West Saxons 18, 70, 398
Western Front (First World War) 2, 115
Western Roman Empire 17, 19, 67
Westminster Abbey 93, 100, 118, 147, 219, 223, 243, 304, 317, 341
Westminster Hall 145
Westmorland 143
White Ship (ship) 153–4, 159
Whitehall 403
wics (trading settlements) 41
Wigmore Castle 230
Wilfrid, Saint 34
William I 14–15, 58, 59, 80, 82, 91, 95–9, 102–8, 109–21, 143–5, 148–52, 159, 206, 209, 222, 228, 269, 271, 347, 398–9
corpse 127
death 128–9
and Edward’s death 99, 101
offered the English throne 97, 98
reign 125–40
religiosity 144
William II, King of England (William Rufus) 138–9, 141–6, 147, 150, 156, 169, 206, 222
William, Prince of Wales 6, 55
William Adelin, Duke of Normandy 153–5, 156
William Clito 152, 156
William the Lion, King 239
William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 208
William of Ypres 171
Williams, Kenneth 128
Wilton Diptych 288–9
Wimborne 63
Winchester 57, 147, 171
Windsor, House of 357
Windsor Castle 133, 223
‘witan’ 86, 88, 99, 214, 227–8
Woden 27, 32
Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas 358–60, 367
women, role in Medieval history 64–5
Woodville, Elizabeth 334, 358
Woodvilles 329, 341, 342
wool 229
Wyatt, Sir Thomas 379
Wyatt’s Rebellion 379, 380, 386
Wycliffe, John 301
York 42, 64, 65, 69, 102, 108, 135, 340
York, House of 175, 320–1, 323, 324–5, 331, 333, 339–40, 342–4, 348–50, 356, 381, 402
Yorkshire 63, 113, 134, 245
THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNING
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PENGUIN BOOKS
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Penguin Books is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com.
First published by Michael Joseph in 2023
Copyright © David Mitchell, 2023
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Cover design by Dan Mogford
Cover artwork © Getty Images
Front endpaper: A battle with King John of England and Louis VIII on the march © Bridgeman Images
Back endpaper: Matthew Paris’s Map of Great Britain © British Library Board. All rights reserved/Bridgeman Images
ISBN: 978-1-405-95320-7
This ebook is copyright material and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law. Any unauthorized distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the author’s and publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly.
Table of Contents
About the Author
Title Page
Dedication
Introduction
PART ONE: Pre-Willy
1. King Arthur
2. King King
3. King Ceolwulf of Northumbria
4. King Offa of Mercia
5. ’King Hell, it’s the ’King ’Kings!
6. King Alfred the Great
7. Kings Edward, Athelstan, Edmund, Eadred, Eadwig, Edgar and Another Edward, and Queen Aethelflaed
8. King Aethelred the Unready
9. See Next You Tuesday
10. A Pair of Cnuts
11. King Edward the Confessor
12. King Harold of …
13. … Hastings
PART TWO: The Dukes of Hazard
14. King William I
15. King William II
16. King Henry I
17. King Stephen
18. King Henry II
19. King Richard I
20. King John
PART THREE: Here Comes the Reign Again
21. King Henry III
22. King Edward I
23. King Edward II
24. King Edward III
25. King Richard II
PART FOUR: Everything’s Coming Up Roses
26. King Henry IV
27. King Henry V
28. King Henry VI
29. King Edward IV
30. King Henry VI, the Readeption
31. King Edward IV, Alone at Last
32. King Edward V
33. King Richard III
34. King Henry VII
35. King Henry VIII
36. King Edward VI
37. Lady Jane Grey
38. Queen Mary I
39. Queen Elizabeth I
Images
Bookend
Further Reading
Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations
Index
Copyright
David Mitchell, Unruly
