Your brain on pregnancy, p.21
Your Brain on Pregnancy, page 21
27. H. Cloud, The Power of the Other, 45.
28. H. Cloud, Boundaries: When to Say Yes, When to Say No to Take Control of Your Life (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1992).
29. Nedra Glover Tawwab, The Set Boundaries Workbook: Practical Exercises for Understanding Your Needs and Setting Healthy Limits (New York: TarcherPerigee, 2021).
30. S. W. Porges, “Polyvagal Theory: A Science of Safety,” 871227, 10.
31. B. A. Van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score, 354.
32. D. Dana and S. W. Porges, Polyvagal Exercises for Safety and Connection (New York: W. W. Norton, 2020): xxviii.
33. D. Dana and S. W. Porges, Polyvagal Exercises for Safety and Connection, 30.
34. A. M. Mahalakshmi et al., “Impact of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Modulators on Dendritic Spines Structure and Functions in Brain,” Cells 10(12) (2021): 3405.
35. V. E. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy, 4th ed. (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1992).
36. D. Brooks, The Second Mountain: The Quest for a Moral Life, 1st ed. (New York: Random House, 2019), xxxiii.
37. J. L. Burnette et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Growth Mindset Interventions: For Whom, How, and Why Might Such Interventions Work?,” Psychological Bulletin 149(3–4) (2023): 174–205.
38. G. Zeng, H. Hou, and K. Peng, “Effect of Growth Mindset on School Engagement and Psychological Well-Being of Chinese Primary and Middle School Students: The Mediating Role of Resilience,” Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016): 1873.
39. C. S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, updated ed. (New York: Random House, 2016), xi.
40. K. Haimovitz and C. S. Dweck, “Parents’ Views of Failure Predict Children’s Fixed and Growth Intelligence Mind-Sets,” Psychological Science 27(6) (2016): 859–69.
41. D. Dana, “The Beginner’s Guide to the Polyvagal Theory.”
42. H. Cloud, Safe People: How to Find Relationships That Are Good for You and Avoid Those That Aren’t (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1995).
43. C. A. Hostutler, T. Snider, N. Wolf, and R. Grant, “ACEs Screening in Adolescent Primary Care: Psychological Flexibility as a Moderator,” Families, Systems, & Health 41(2) (2023): 182–91.
44. L. L. Hayes, “Psychological Flexibility Is the ACE We Need: A Commentary on ACEs Screening in Adolescent Primary Care: Psychological Flexibility As a Moderator,” Families, Systems, & Health 41(2) (2023): 274–75.
45. O. Erduran Tekin and A. Sirin, “Rumination Mediates the Relationship Between Childhood Traumas with Cognitive Defusion, Acceptance, and Emotion Regulation: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study,” Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 41(April 2023): 1–28.
46. A. Han and T. H. Kim, “Efficacy of Internet-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety, Stress, Psychological Distress, and Quality of Life: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 24(12) (2022): e39727.
47. J. L. Rolffs, R. D. Rogge, and K. G. Wilson, “Disentangling Components of Flexibility via the Hexaflex Model: Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI),” Assessment 25(4) (2018): 458–82. PERMISSION FOR USE: The MPFI scales were designed to be freely available for research and clinical use. No further permission is required beyond this form and the authors will not generate study-specific permission letters.
48. O. Erduran Tekin and A. Sirin, “Rumination Mediates the Relationship Between Childhood Traumas with Cognitive Defusion, Acceptance, and Emotion Regulation,” 1–28.
49. A. Aldao, S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and S. Schweizer, “Emotion-Regulation Strategies Across Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 30(2) (2010): 217–37.
50. A. Aldao et al., “Emotion-Regulation Strategies Across Psychopathology,” 217–37.
51. D. Watson, L. A. Clark, and A. Tellegen, “Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(6) (1988): 1063–70.
52. H. Cloud, Necessary Endings: The Employees, Businesses, and Relationships That All of Us Have to Give Up in Order to Move Forward (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 238.
CHAPTER 3: THE TRUTH ABOUT DEPRESSION
1. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Task Force, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, 5th ed. (American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013), https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.
2. S. Dekel et al., “The Dynamic Course of Peripartum Depression Across Pregnancy and Childbirth,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 113 (2019): 72–78.
3. J. S. McCall-Hosenfeld et al., “Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Throughout the Peri- and Postpartum Period: Results from the First Baby Study,” Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt) 25(11) (2016): 1112–21.
4. A. Agorastos and G. P. Chrousos, “The Neuroendocrinology of Stress: The Stress-Related Continuum of Chronic Disease Development,” Molecular Psychiatry 27(1) (2022): 502–13.
5. A. Negele, J. Kaufhold, L. Kallenbach, and M. Leuzinger-Bohleber, “Childhood Trauma and Its Relation to Chronic Depression in Adulthood,” Depression Research and Treatment (2015): 650804.
6. C. Pittenger and R. S. Duman, “Stress, Depression, and Neuroplasticity: A Convergence of Mechanisms,” Neuropsychopharmacology 33(1) (2008): 88–109.
7. J. E. Khoury et al., “Trajectories of Distress from Pregnancy to 15-Months Post-Partum During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Frontiers in Psychology 14 (2023): 1104386.
8. M. K. Mughal et al., “Trajectories of Maternal Depressive Symptoms from Pregnancy to 11 Years Postpartum,” 191–99.
9. D. Kingston et al., “Pregnant Women’s Perceptions of Harms and Benefits of Mental Health Screening,” PLoS One 10(12) (2015): e0145189.
10. J. L. Cox, J. M. Holden, and R. Sagovsky, “Detection of Postnatal Depression. Development of the 10-Item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale,” British Journal of Psychiatry 150 (1987): 782–86. Reprinted with permission.
11. K. Kroenke, R. L. Spitzer, and J. B. Williams, “The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 16(9) (2001): 606–13. Developed by Drs. Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B. W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke, and colleagues, with an educational grant from Pfizer Inc. No permission required to reproduce, translate, display, or distribute.
CHAPTER 4: THE TRUTH ABOUT ANXIETY
1. R. G. Hunter and B. S. McEwen, “Stress and Anxiety Across the Lifespan: Structural Plasticity and Epigenetic Regulation,” Epigenomics 5(2) (2013): 177–94.
2. D. Dana, The Polyvagal Theory in Therapy, xix.
3. D. Dana, “The Beginner’s Guide to the Polyvagal Theory.”
4. D. Dana, The Polyvagal Flip Chart (New York: W. W. Norton, 2020).
5. Dana, D. “The Beginner’s Guide to the Polyvagal Theory.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. B. S. McEwen et al., “Mechanisms of Stress in the Brain,” Nature Neuroscience 18(10) (2015): 1353–63.
10. B. S. McEwen, “Protection and Damage from Acute and Chronic Stress: Allostasis and Allostatic Overload and Relevance to the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004): 1–7.
11. B. Bandelow and S. Michaelis, “Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders in the 21st Century,” Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 17(3) (2015): 327–35.
12. S. Grigoriadis et al., “Mood and Anxiety Disorders in a Sample of Canadian Perinatal Women Referred for Psychiatric Care,” Archives of Women’s Mental Health 14(4) (2011): 325–33.
13. E. J. Fawcett et al., “The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Multivariate Bayesian Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 80(4) (2019): 18r12527.
14. S. Nakic Rados, M. Tadinac, and R. Herman, “Anxiety During Pregnancy and Postpartum: Course, Predictors and Comorbidity with Postpartum Depression,” Acta Clinica Croatia 57(1) (2018): 39–51.
15. V. Silverwood et al., “Non-Pharmacological Interventions for the Management of Perinatal Anxiety in Primary Care: A Meta-Review of Systematic Reviews,” BJGP Open 7(3) (2023).
16. M. Altemus et al., “Phenotypic Differences Between Pregnancy-Onset and Postpartum-Onset Major Depressive Disorder,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 73(12) (2012): e1485–91.
17. S. Misri and E. Swift, “Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder in Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Maternal Quality of Life and Treatment Outcomes,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 37(9) (2015): 798–803.
18. R. L. Spitzer, K. Kroenke, J. B. Williams, and B. Lowe, “A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7,” Archives of Internal Medicine 166(10) (2006): 1092–97. Developed by Drs. Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B. W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke, and colleagues, with an educational grant from Pfizer Inc. No permission required to reproduce, translate, display, or distribute.
CHAPTER 5: THE TRUTH ABOUT STRESS
1. D. Kingston, M. Heaman, D. Fell, S. Dzakpasu, and B. Chalmers, “Factors Associated with Perceived Stress and Stressful Life Events in Pregnant Women: Findings from the Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey,” Maternal and Child Health Journal 16(1) (January 2012): 158–68.
2. S. W. Porges,“The Polyvagal Theory: New Insights into Adaptive Reactions of the Autonomic Nervous System,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 76 Suppl 2 (2009): S86–90.
3. B. S. McEwen, “In Pursuit of Resilience: Stress, Epigenetics, and Brain Plasticity,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1373(1) (June 2016): 56–64.
4. B. S. McEwen, “The Brain on Stress: Toward an Integrative Approach to Brain, Body, and Behavior,” Perspectives in Psychological Science 8(6) (November 2013): 673–75.
5. J. P. Shonkoff et al., “Leveraging the Biology of Adversity and Resilience to Transform Pediatric Practice,” Pediatrics 147(2) (2021): e20193845.
6. J. P. Shonkoff et al., “Leveraging the Biology of Adversity,” e20193845.
7. M. Rutter, “Resilience as a Dynamic Concept,” Developmental Psychopathology 24(2) (2012): 335–44.
8. R. A. Bates et al., “Early Childhood Stress Responses to Psychosocial Stressors: The State of the Science,” Developmental Psychobiology 64(7) (2022): e22320.
9. Robert M. Sapolsky, Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers, 4.
10. F. Shamsaei et al., “The Relationship Between General Health and Coping Style with Perceived Stress in Primigravida Healthy Pregnant Women: Using the PATH Model,” Women & Health 59(1) (2019): 41–54.
11. B. H. Lipton, The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter & Miracles, 1st ed. (Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 2015), xxix.
12. B. H. Lipton, The Biology of Belief, 140.
13. M. A. Miller and R. H. Rahe, “Life Changes Scaling for the 1990s,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 43(3) (1997): 279–92.
14. S. W. Porges, Effective Processing and Regulation (Littleton, CO: Unyte), 15.
15. S. Cohen, T. Kamarck, and R. Mermelstein, “A Global Measure of Perceived Stress.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24(4) (1983): 385–96.
16. S. Cohen, “Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States, in the Social Psychology of Health,” in The Social Psychology of Health, ed. S. Spacapan and S. Oskamp (Newbury Park: CA: Sage, 1988), 31–67.
17. J. P. Shonkoff et al., “Leveraging the Biology of Adversity,” e20193845.
18. B. S. McEwen, “The Brain on Stress: Toward an Integrative Approach,” 673–75.
19. S. Mukherjee et al., “Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in the United States: The Role of Women’s Socioeconomic Status Indices at the State Level,” Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt) 26(3) (2017): 276–85.
20. S. Mukherjee et al., “Stressful Life Event Experiences of Pregnant Women in the United States: A Latent Class Analysis,” Women’s Health Issues 27(1) (2017): 83–92.
21. Y. Nomura, G. Rompala, L. Pritchett, V. Aushev, J. Chen, and Y. L. Hurd, “Natural Disaster Stress During Pregnancy Is Linked to Reprogramming of the Placenta Transcriptome in Relation to Anxiety and Stress Hormones in Young Offspring,” Molecular Psychiatry 26(11) (November 2021): 6520–30.
22. K. O’Donnell et al., “Prenatal Stress and Neurodevelopment of the Child,” 285–92.
23. K. K. Schmeer et al., “Maternal Postpartum Stress and Toddler Developmental Delays: Results from a Multisite Study of Racially Diverse Families,” Developmental Psychobiology 62(1) (2020): 62–76.
24. J. P. Shonkoff et al., “Leveraging the Biology of Adversity,” e20193845.
25. G. Maté and D. Maté, The Myth of Normal: Trauma, Illness, & Healing in a Toxic Culture (New York: Avery, 2022), 87.
CHAPTER 6: UNDER THE RADAR
1. T. Field, M. Diego, M. Hernandez-Reif et al., “Comorbid Depression and Anxiety Effects on Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcome,” Infant Behavior and Development 33(1) (2010): 23–29.
2. S. L. Farr, P. M. Dietz, M. W. O’Hara, K. Burley, and J. Y. Ko, “Postpartum Anxiety and Comorbid Depression in a Population-Based Sample of Women,” Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt) 23(2) (February 2014): 120–28.
3. W. Qi et al., “Predictive Models for Predicting the Risk of Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Evaluation,” Journal of Affective Disorders 333 (2023): 107–20.
4. A. Wajid et al., “Psychosocial Factors Associated with Trajectories of Maternal Psychological Distress Over a 10-Year Period from the First Year Postpartum,” 31–38.
5. D. Kingston, H. Kehler, M. P. Austin, M. K. Mughal, A. Wajid, L. Vermeyden, K. Benzies, S. Brown, S. Stuart, and R. Giallo, “Trajectories of Maternal Depressive Symptoms During Pregnancy and the First 12 Months Postpartum and Child Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior at Three Years,” PLoS One 13(4) (April 13, 2018): e0195365.
CHAPTER 7: BUILDING BRAIN HEALTH
1. B. A. Van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score, 1.
2. P. A. Modesti, A. Ferrari, C. Bazzini, and M. Boddi, “Time Sequence of Autonomic Changes Induced by Daily Slow-Breathing Sessions,” Clinical Autonomic Research 25(2) (2015): 95–104.
3. V. Pruitt, “The Basic Exercise for Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Nervous System Regulation,” videos/text, cited October 10, 2021; available from https://sevenstonesmentalhealth.com/the-basic-exercise-for-vagus-nerve/.
4. S. Rosenberg, Accessing the Healing Power of the Vagus Nerve: Self-Help Exercises for Anxiety, Depression, Trauma, and Autism (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2017), xxxv.
5. N. Güdücü and N. K. Özcan, “The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Postpartum Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Explore (NY) 19(6) (November–December 2023): 842–50.
6. D. Church, P. Stapleton, A. Vasudevan, and T. O’Keefe, “Clinical EFT as an Evidence-Based Practice for the Treatment of Psychological and Physiological Conditions: A Systematic Review,” Frontiers in Psychology 13 (2022): 951451.
7. J. A. Nelms and L. Castel, “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized and Nonrandomized Trials of Clinical Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) for the Treatment of Depression,” Explore (NY) 12(6) (2016): 416–26.
8. N. Güdücü and N. K. Özcan, “The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Postpartum Depression,” 842–50.
9. “Music and the Vagus Nerve: How Music Affects the Nervous System and Mental Health,” Music Health blog, https://www.musichealth.ai/blog/music-and-the-vagus-nerve.
10. R. J. Ellis and J. F. Thayer, “Music and Autonomic Nervous System (Dys)function,” Music Perception 27(4) (2010): 317–26.
11. P. A. Modesti et al., “Psychological Predictors of the Antihypertensive Effects of Music-Guided Slow Breathing,” Journal of Hypertension 28(5) (2010): 1097–1103.
12. J. S. Jenkins, “The Mozart Effect,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94(4) (2001): 170–72.
13. R. H. Bind et al., “Feasibility, Clinical Efficacy, and Well-Being Outcomes of an Online Singing Intervention for Postnatal Depression in the UK: SHAPER-PNDO, a Single-Arm Clinical Trial,” Pilot and Feasibility Studies 9(1) (2023): 131.
14. A. R. Lucas, H. D. Klepin, S. W. Porges, and W. J. Rejeski, “Mindfulness-Based Movement: A Polyvagal Perspective,” Integrative Cancer Therapies 17(1) (2018): 5–15.
15. A. R. Lucas et al., “Mindfulness-Based Movement,” 5–15.
16. D. Dana, Audio Meditations, cited 2023; available from https://www.rhythmofregulation.com/audiomeditations.
17. B. Battulga, M. R. Benjamin, H. Chen, and E. Bat-Enkh, “The Impact of Social Support and Pregnancy on Subjective Well-Being: A Systematic Review,” Frontiers in Psychology 12 (September 9, 2021): 710858.
18. E. Antoniou, P. Stamoulou, M. D. Tzanoulinou, and E. Orovou, “Perinatal Mental Health; the Role and the Effect of the Partner: A Systematic Review,” Healthcare (Basel) 9(11) (November 18, 2021): 1572.
19. D. J. Siegel and C. Drulis, “An Interpersonal Neurobiology Perspective on the Mind and Mental Health: Personal, Public, and Planetary Well-Being,” Annals of General Psychiatry 22(1) (2023): 5.
20. J. A. Dipietro, “Maternal Stress in Pregnancy: Considerations for Fetal Development.” Journal of Adolescent Health 51(2 Suppl) (2012): S3–8.
21. J. Dowell, B. A. Elser, R. E. Schroeder, and H. E. Stevens, “Cellular Stress Mechanisms of Prenatal Maternal Stress: Heat Shock Factors and Oxidative Stress,” Neuroscience Letters 709 (2019): 134368.
22. C. Prinds et al., “Prayer and Meditation Practices in the Early COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Survey Among Danish Pregnant Women. The COVIDPregDK Study,” Midwifery 123 (2023): 103716.
23. J. Fallis, “How to Stimulate Your Vagus Nerve for Better Mental Health,” Optimal Living, 2017, https://www.optimallivingdynamics.com/blog/how-to-stimulate-your-vagus-nerve-for-better-mental-health-brain-vns-ways-treatment-activate-natural-foods-depression-anxiety-stress-heart-rate-variability-yoga-massage-vagal-tone-dysfunction.
