The alzheimers solution, p.35
The Alzheimer's Solution, page 35
Page 192, A 2010 study at Rush University looked at American and Japanese elderly: Boyle, P.A., Buchman, A.S., Barnes, L.L., and Bennett, D.A. (2010). Effect of a purpose in life on risk of incident Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3), 304–310; Kaplin, A., and Anzaldi, L. (2015, May). New movement in neuroscience: A purpose-driven life. Cerebrum, 7.
CHAPTER 6. RESTORE
Page 202, A follow-up study at Harvard showed that residents: Landrigan, C.P., Rothschild, J.M., Cronin, J.W., Kaushal, R., Burdick, E., Katz, J.T., Lilly, C.M., Stone, P.H., Lockley, S.W., Bates, D.W., and Czeisler, C.A. (2004). Effect of reducing interns’ work hours on serious medical errors in intensive care units. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(18), 1838–1848.
Page 202, Sleep was designed especially for the brain: Diekelmann, S., and Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114–126; Smith, C. (1995). Sleep states and memory processes. Behavioural Brain Research, 69(1), 137–145.
Page 205, Studies have shown that long-term night-shift workers: Rouch, I., Wild, P., Ansiau, D., and Marquié, J.C. (2005). Shiftwork experience, age and cognitive performance. Ergonomics, 48(10), 1282–1293.
Page 205, A 2001 study in Nature Neuroscience examined the cognitive performance: Cho, K. (2001). Chronic “jet lag” produces temporal lobe atrophy and spatial cognitive deficits. Nature Neuroscience, 4(6), 567–568; Drummond, S.P., Brown, G.G., Gillin, J.C., Stricker, J.L., Wong, E.C., and Buxton, R.B. (2000). Altered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation. Nature, 403(6770), 655–657.
Page 205, Other studies have found that TNF: Mullington, J.M., Haack, M., Toth, M., Serrador, J.M., and Meier-Ewert, H.K. (2009). Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 51(4), 294–302; Haack, M., Sanchez, E., and Mullington, J.M. (2007). Elevated inflammatory markers in response to prolonged sleep restriction are associated with increased pain experience in healthy volunteers. Sleep, 30(9), 1145–1152; Clark, I.A., and Vissel, B. (2014). Inflammation-sleep interface in brain disease: TNF, insulin, orexin. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 11(1), 51.
Page 206, People who sleep nine hours per night usually perform worse: Ferrie, J.E., Shipley, M.J., Akbaraly, T.N., Marmot, M.G., Kivimaki, M., and Singh-Manoux, A. (2011). Change in sleep duration and cognitive function: findings from the Whitehall II Study. Sleep, 34(5), 565–573.
Page 207, In 2009, researchers at Washington University in St. Louis: Kang, J.E., Lim, M.M., Bateman, R.J., Lee, J.J., Smyth, L.P., Cirrito, J.R., Fujiki, N., Nishino, S., and Holtzman, D.M. (2009). Amyloid-β dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle. Science, 326(5955), 1005–1007.
Page 207, Just four years later, researchers at Oregon Health & Science University: Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D.J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J.J., and Takano, T. (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, 342(6156), 373–377; Ooms, S., Overeem, S., Besse, K., Rikkert, M.O., Verbeek, M., and Claassen, J.A. (2014). Effect of 1 night of total sleep deprivation on cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid 42 in healthy middle-aged men: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurology, 71(8), 971–977.
Page 208, One study found that individuals who sleep appropriately spend 11 percent less: Kapur, V.K., Redline, S., Nieto, F.J., Young, T.B., Newman, A.B., and Henderson, J.A. (2002). The relationship between chronically disrupted sleep and healthcare use. Sleep, 25(3), 289–296.
Page 208, Better sleep leads to fewer colds and immune-related disorders: Gamaldo, C.E., Shaikh, A.K., and McArthur, J.C. (2012). The sleep-immunity relationship. Neurologic Clinics, 30(4), 1313–1343; Bollinger, T., Bollinger, A., Oster, H., and Solbach, W. (2010). Sleep, immunity, and circadian clocks: A mechanistic model. Gerontology, 56(6), 574–580.
Page 208, There is a direct correlation between restorative sleep: Ford, D.E., and Cooper‐Patrick, L. (2001). Sleep disturbances and mood disorders: An epidemiologic perspective. Depression and Anxiety, 14(1), 3–6.
Page 208, One study found that college students: Brown, F.C., Buboltz Jr., W.C., and Soper, B. (2002). Relationship of sleep hygiene awareness, sleep hygiene practices, and sleep quality in university students. Behavioral Medicine, 28(1), 33–38.
Page 208, A good night’s sleep can also help us process emotions: Mauss, I.B., Troy, A.S., and LeBourgeois, M.K. (2013). Poorer sleep quality is associated with lower emotion-regulation ability in a laboratory paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 27(3), 567–576.
Page 209, A 2005 review in Seminars in Neurology found: Durmer, J.S., and Dinges, D.F. (2005, March). Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Seminars in Neurology, 25 (1), 117–129. Copyright © 2005 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
Page 209, People who sleep well have better short-term: Maquet, P. (2001). The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294(5544), 1048–1052; Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., and De Gennaro, L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 323–337; Yang, G., Lai, C.S.W., Cichon, J., Ma, L., Li, W., and Gan, W.B. (2014). Sleep promotes branch-specific formation of dendritic spines after learning. Science, 344(6188), 1173–1178.
Page 209, Lack of sleep can blunt our responses to the environment: Ayalon, R.D., and Friedman, F. (2008). The effect of sleep deprivation on fine motor coordination in obstetrics and gynecology residents. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199(5), 576, e1–5.
Page 209, Better sleepers are less likely to abuse alcohol: Wallen, G.R., Brooks, M.A.T., Whiting, M.B., Clark, R., Krumlauf, M.M.C., Yang, L., Schwandt, M.L., George, D.T., and Ramchandani, V.A. (2014). The prevalence of sleep disturbance in alcoholics admitted for treatment: A target for chronic disease management. Family & Community Health, 37(4), 288–297.
Page 209, Adults who slept seven to eight hours per night: Green, M.J., Espie, C.A., Popham, F., Robertson, T., and Benzeval, M. (2017). Insomnia symptoms as a cause of type 2 diabetes Incidence: A 20 year cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 94; Bonnet, M.H., Burton, G.G., and Arand, D.L. (2014). Physiological and medical findings in insomnia: Implications for diagnosis and care. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(2), 111–122.
Page 210, Lack of quality sleep increases the risk of stroke: Wu, M.P., Lin, H.J., Weng, S.F., Ho, C.H., Wang, J.J., and Hsu, Y.W. (2014). Insomnia subtypes and the subsequent risks of stroke. Stroke, 45(5), 1349–1354.
Page 210, This benefit was illustrated in a study where forty-three women: Calhoun, A.H., and Ford, S. (2007). Behavioral sleep modification may revert transformed migraine to episodic migraine. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 47(8), 1178–1183.
Page 210, In a thirteen-year study of 500 individuals: Hasler, G., Buysse, D.J., Klaghofer, R., Gamma, A., Ajdacic, V., Eich, D., Rössler, W., and Angst, J. (2004). The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study. Sleep, 27(4), 661–666.
Page 210, A new study from 2017 revealed that sleep deprivation: Bellesi, M., de Vivo, L., Chini, M., Gilli, F., Tononi, G., and Cirelli, C. (2017). Sleep Loss Promotes Astrocytic Phagocytosis and Microglial Activation in Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(21), 5263–5273.
Page 213, Many people taking sleep medication assume: de Gage, S.B., Bégaud, B., Bazin, F., Verdoux, H., Dartigues, J.F., Pérès, K., Kurth, T., and Pariente, A. (2012). Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: Prospective population based study. British Medical Journal, 345, e6231.
Page 217, Research suggests that the lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain: Osorio, R.S., Gumb, T., Pirraglia, E., Varga, A.W., Lu, S.E., Lim, J., Wohlleber, M.E., Ducca, E.L., Koushyk, V., Glodzik, L., and Mosconi, L. (2015). Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly. Neurology, 84(19), 1964–1971; Lutsey, P.L., Bengtson, L.G., Punjabi, N.M., Shahar, E., Mosley, T.H., Gottesman, R.F., Wruck, L.M., MacLehose, R.F., and Alonso, A. (2016). Obstructive sleep apnea and 15-year cognitive decline: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Sleep, 39(2), 309–316; Gagnon, K., Baril, A.A., Gagnon, J.F., Fortin, M., Decary, A., Lafond, C., Desautels, A., Montplaisir, J., and Gosselin, N. (2014). Cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea. Pathologie Biologie, 62(5), 233–240.
Page 217, In our own research, published in Circulation in 2015: Sherzai, A.Z., Willey, J.Z., Vega, S., and Sherzai, D. (2015). The Association Between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cognitive Status in an Elderly Sample Using the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation, 131(Suppl. 1), AP125.
Page 217, In a review and meta-analysis of seven studies published in 2015: Bubu, O.M., Utuama, O., Umasabor-Bubu, O.Q., and Schwartz, S. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analytic approach. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 11(7), P452.
CHAPTER 7. OPTIMIZE
Page 235, Cognitive reserve, on the other hand: Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(03), 448–460; Alexander, G.E., Furey, M.L., Grady, C.L., Pietrini, P., Brady, D.R., Mentis, M.J., and Schapiro, M.B. (1997). Association of premorbid intellectual function with cerebral metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(2), 165–172; Meng, X., and D’Arcy, C. (2012). Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: A systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PloS One, 7(6), e38268; Scarmeas, N., and Stern, Y. (2003). Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 625–633; Stern, Y., Albert, S., Tang, M.X., and Tsai, W.Y. (1999). Rate of memory decline in AD is related to education and occupation cognitive reserve? Neurology, 53(9), 1942–1942.
Page 236, In a randomized longitudinal study conducted by the University of Florida: Edwards, J.D., Xu, H., Clark, D., Ross, L.A., and Unverzagt, F.W. (2016). The ACTIVE study: what we have learned and what is next? Cognitive training reduces incident dementia across ten years. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(7), 212.
Page 237, One such study, published in Neuron in 2017: Dresler, M., Shirer, W.R., Konrad, B.N., Müller, N.C., Wagner, I.C., Fernández, G., Czisch, M., and Greicius, M.D. (2017). Mnemonic training reshapes brain networks to support superior memory. Neuron, 93(5), 1227–1235.
Page 239, A 2006 study at University College London identified: Maguire, E.A., Woollett, K., and Spiers, H.J. (2006). London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus, 16(12), 1091–1101; Woollett, K., Spiers, H.J., and Maguire, E.A. (2009). Talent in the taxi: A model system for exploring expertise. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1522), 1407–1416.
Page 239, There is evidence that second languages (or early bilingualism): Craik, F.I., Bialystok, E., and Freedman, M. (2010). Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. Neurology, 75(19), 1726–1729.
Page 239, In 2014, researchers at Ghent University: Woumans, E., Santens, P., Sieben, A., Versijpt, J., Stevens, M., and Duyck, W. (2015). Bilingualism delays clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(03), 568–574.
Page 239, A 2016 study conducted by the NIH found: Perani, D., Farsad, M., Ballarini, T., Lubian, F., Malpetti, M., Fracchetti, A., Magnani, G., March, A., and Abutalebi, J. (2017). The impact of bilingualism on brain reserve and metabolic connectivity in Alzheimer’s dementia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(7), 1690–1695.
Page 239, Another study conducted in Spain in 2016: Estanga, A., Ecay-Torres, M., Ibañez, A., Izagirre, A., Villanua, J., Garcia-Sebastian, M., Gaspar, M.T.I., Otaegui-Arrazola, A., Iriondo, A., Clerigue, M., and Martinez-Lage, P. (2017). Beneficial effect of bilingualism on Alzheimer’s disease CSF biomarkers and cognition. Neurobiology of Aging, 50, 144–151.
Page 239, Researchers have found a similar phenomenon in musicians: Sluming, V., Barrick, T., Howard, M., Cezayirli, E., Mayes, A., and Roberts, N. (2002). Voxel-based morphometry reveals increased gray matter density in Broca’s area in male symphony orchestra musicians. Neuroimage, 17(3), 1613–1622; Gaser, C., and Schlaug, G. (2003). Gray matter differences between musicians and nonmusicians. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999(1), 514–517.
Page 239, A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2003: Verghese, J., Lipton, R.B., Katz, M.J., Hall, C.B., Derby, C.A., Kuslansky, G., Ambrose, A.F., Sliwinski, M., and Buschke, H. (2003). Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003(348), 2508–2516.
Page 240, A study published in 2007 looked at a group of British individuals: Roe, C.M., Xiong, C., Miller, J.P., and Morris, J.C. (2007). Education and Alzheimer disease without dementia support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Neurology, 68(3), 223–228; Cobb, J.L., Wolf, P.A., Au, R., White, R., and D’Agostino, R.B. (1995). The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the Framingham Study. Neurology, 45(9), 1707–1712; Amieva, H., Mokri, H., Le Goff, M., Meillon, C., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Foubert-Samier, A., Orgogozo, J.M., Stern, Y., and Dartigues, J.F. (2014). Compensatory mechanisms in higher-educated subjects with Alzheimer’s disease: A study of 20 years of cognitive decline. Brain, 137(4), 1167–1175.
Page 240, And education doesn’t have to take place early in life to be protective: in a 2011 study conducted in Brazil: da Silva, E.M., Farfel, J., Apolinario, D., Magaldi, R., Nitrini, R., and Jacob-Filho, W. (2011). Formal education after 60 years improves cognitive performance. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(4), S503.
Page 240, New research from 2016 by scientists at the Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center: Boots, E.A., Schultz, S.A., Oh, J.M., Racine, A.M., Koscik, R.L., Gallagher, C.L., Carlsson, C.M., Rowley, H.A., Bendlin, B.B., Asthana, S., and Sager, M.A. (2016). Occupational complexity, cognitive reserve, and white matter hyperintensities: Findings from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(7), P130.
Page 241, Another new study at Massachusetts General Hospital: Sun, F.W., Stepanovic, M.R., Andreano, J., Barrett, L.F., Touroutoglou, A., and Dickerson, B.C. (2016). Youthful brains in older adults: Preserved neuroanatomy in the default mode and salience networks contributes to youthful memory in superaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(37), 9659–9668.
Page 241, In a systematic review of virtual reality cognitive training: Coyle, H., Traynor, V., and Solowij, N. (2015). Computerized and virtual reality cognitive training for individuals at high risk of cognitive decline: systematic review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(4), 335–359.
Page 245, A 2013 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine: Lin, F.R., Metter, E.J., O’Brien, R.J., Resnick, S.M., Zonderman, A.B., and Ferrucci, L. (2011). Hearing loss and incident dementia. Archives of Neurology, 68(2), 214–220.
Page 245, Other studies have found that visual impairment: Valentijn, S.A., Van Boxtel, M.P., Van Hooren, S.A., Bosma, H., Beckers, H.J., Ponds, R.W., and Jolles, J. (2005). Change in sensory functioning predicts change in cognitive functioning: Results from a 6‐year follow‐up in the Maastricht Aging Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(3), 374–380.
Page 246, A study conducted in the Netherlands in 2013 found that engaging in music: Burggraaf, J.L.I., Elffers, T.W., Segeth, F.M., Austie, F.M.C., Plug, M.B., Gademan, M.G.J., Maan, A.C., Man, S., de Muynck, M., Soekkha, T., and Simonsz, A. (2013). Neurocardiological differences between musicians and control subjects. Netherlands Heart Journal, 21(4), 183–188; Kunikullaya, K.U., Goturu, J., Muradi, V., Hukkeri, P.A., Kunnavil, R., Doreswamy, V., Prakash, V.S., and Murthy, N.S. (2016). Combination of music with lifestyle modification versus lifestyle modification alone on blood pressure reduction—A randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 23, 102–109.
Page 248, One study found that people who don’t engage in social activity: Holwerda, T.J., van Tilburg, T.G., Deeg, D.J., Schutter, N., Van, R., Dekker, J., Stek, M.L., Beekman, A.T., and Schoevers, R.A. (2016). Impact of loneliness and depression on mortality: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(2), 127–34.
Page 249, The Blue Zones all have a strong social dimension: Poulain, M., Herm, A., and Pes, G. (2013). The Blue Zones: Areas of exceptional longevity around the world. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 11, 87–108.
Page 249, The renowned Grant Study at Harvard followed 286 men: Waldinger, R.J., and Schulz, M.S. (2010). What’s love got to do with it? Social functioning, perceived health, and daily happiness in married octogenarians. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 422–431.
Page 249, The immunologist Esther Sternberg: Sternberg, E.M. (2001). The Balance Within: The Science Connecting Health and Emotions. New York: Macmillan.
Page 249, One study published in JAMA Psychiatry: Wilson, R.S., Krueger, K.R., Arnold, S.E., Schneider, J.A., Kelly, J.F., Barnes, L.L., Tang, Y., and Bennett, D.A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234–240.
Page 249, A 2013 study from the University of New South Wales in Australia: Lipnicki, D.M., Sachdev, P.S., Crawford, J., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N.A., Trollor, J.N., Draper, B., Slavin, M.J., Kang, K., Lux, O., and Mather, K.A. (2013). Risk factors for late-life cognitive decline and variation with age and sex in the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. PloS One, 8(6), e65841.
Index
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