Rebels at sea, p.37
Rebels at Sea, page 37
Treaty of Utrecht and, 93
War of 1812 and, 240, 241–42
Greely, Thomas, 114
Greene, Christopher, 229
Greene, Nathanael, xxiii, 51, 153, 229, 230
Greenwood, John, 119–21, 120, 122, 123–25, 125, 195
Gregson, 113–14
Grenada, 92
Grey, Charles, 167–68, 168
grog, 53n
Groton Heights, Battle of, 160, 170–74, 171
guns on privateers, 70, 71
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 82, 193n
Hamond, Andrew Snape, 159
Hampden, 82–83
Hancock
New Londoner private sloop, 73–74
Philadelphia privateer, 78
Hancock, John, xxiii, 33, 36, 38, 44, 225
Hannah
American packet ship, 18
American schooner, 22, 22n
British merchantman, 162, 170, 172
Hannah and Molly, 10
Haraden, Jonathan, xi–xii, xiii, xiv–xviii, xvii, 79–80, 132
hardtack, 70n
Harriot, 80
Hartley, David, 186, 209, 238
Havens, Daniel, 206–7
Hawker, James, 123
Hawkins, Christopher, 203–6
Heath, William, 63
Hector, 132
Hempstead, Stephen, 174
Henry III, xxi
Herbert, Charles, 67, 184, 185
Hibernia, 53–54
Hill, Hugh, 227, 228
Hinman, Elisha, 52
Hinton, John, 91
History of American Privateers, A (Maclay), 161
Hohenstein, Anton, 99
Holker, 143–47, 144, 162
Hope
American privateer (in attack on Lunenburg), 178
ordnance ship captured in 1776, 23, 25–26
privateer sloop (1781), 52
Providence privateer, 75, 239
twenty-three privateers named, 72
Howe, William, 106, 203
Hughes, R. Ball, 227
Hunter, 208
Hunter, Robert, 23
Huntington, Samuel, 222
Hyder Ally, 58
Independence, 116
Industry, 167
Ingham, Charles Cromwell, 239
insurance rates for merchantmen traveling to the West Indies, 93
Intolerable Acts, 2, 13
Ireland, 3, 103
Iris, 123–24, 143, 207
Jack, 157–59
Jamaica, 73, 91, 92, 177
Jameson, John Franklin, xx–xxi
Jamieson, Alan G., 108
Jason, 25, 189
Jay, John, 94, 138, 234
Jefferson, Thomas, xxiii
Declaration of Independence and, 41
on desire for pre-printed letters of marque, 45
on New Englanders’ use of privateers, 10
support for ending privateering, 239, 240
support for privateering, 233, 240
War of 1812 and, 240, 241
Jefferson Davis, 244
Jefferys, Thomas, 35, 148
Jenkins, Leoline, 63n
Jersey, 182
deaths on, 196, 197, 198, 200–201, 203, 235
disease on, 197, 200
escape from, 203–6
horrific conditions of, 156, 192–93, 194–96, 197, 198–200, 203
physical description of, 194–95, 195
prisoner exchanges of, 156
prisoners’ arrival at, 195–96
provisions on, 198–200
as psychological weapon of terror, 209–10
release of all prisoners from, 235
total number of prisoners on, 195
see also prisons, British
jolly boat, definition of, 145n
Jones, Ebenezer, 147–48
Jones, Ichabod, 7, 8–9
Jones, John Paul, xviii, xxiii, 220
in Battle of Flamborough Head, 221, 222
Eagle’s lawsuit against, 217n
on motivation of privateersmen and owners, 62
recruitment of crew for navy ships, 64, 65, 218
on Saltonstall, 127
Katy, 20, 22n
Keane, Roger, 146–47
King of Prussia, 39
King William’s War, xxii–xxiii
Kirwan, Richard, 227
Knox, Henry, 51
Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 240
Kuhl, Jackson, 150
Lady Washington, 27
Lafayette, Marquis de, 152
Langdon, John, 212, 231, 233
Latham, William, 171
Latrobe, Benjamin, 151
Laurens, Henry, 234
Lawler, Matthew, 143, 144
Lawrence, James, 27n
Ledyard, William, 171, 172, 173
Lee, 23, 121
Lee, Arthur, 96
Lee, Charles, 223, 224
Lee, Richard Henry, 41
Lehman, Eric D., 174
Lehman, John, xviii
letters of marque
during American Revolution, xx, 33, 45, 109, 242
during Civil War, 242, 243, 244
Congress’s power to grant, 240, 241
definition of, xii
dual-purpose, 48
Great Britain’s use of, xxi–xxii, 174
during Nine Years’ War, xxii–xxiii
as a type of privateer, xiii–xiv
during War of 1812, 241, 242
Lexington, 56, 104
Lexington, Battle of, 1
Liberator, The, 157
Liberty (Thomson), 28
Library of Congress, xx
Lindsey, Thomas, 18–19
Little Egg Harbor, N.J., 111, 168–69, 169
Lively, 158
Liverpool, 43
Liverpool, Great Britain, 55n, 114, 175
Lloyd’s of London, 161, 163, 241
L’oiseau, 165
London Advertiser, 163
London Annual Register, 103
London Courant, 138
Longacre, J. B., 56
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 51
Long Island, Battle of, 106, 111
Long Island Sound, 147, 148
Lords of the Admiralty, 174
Louis XVI, 3, 87, 100n
Lovell, Solomon, 127, 128, 129–31
luggers, definition of, xvn
Lunenburg, Raid on, 178
Lyman, Daniel, 160
Lyon, 158
Macatter, Edward, 138
Machias, Maine, 7, 8, 9, 22n
Machias affair, 7–10
Machias Bay, 8
Maclay, Edgar Stanton, 54, 161
Madison, James, 240, 241
Magee, James, 116, 119
Majabigwaduce, see Bagaduce
Manley, John, 23, 24, 25, 64, 121–22
Mansfield, David Murray, 2nd Earl of, 97–98, 98, 101, 104, 136
Marblehead, Mass., 22n, 55, 226
Marchant, Stephen, 136, 137–38
Margaretta, 7–10, 22n
Marianna, 203
Marlborough, 59–60
Marquis de Lafayette, 59
Mars, 77
Martinique, 88, 89, 90, 91–92, 98, 234
Maryland, xxi, 241
Massachusetts
British blockade on, 11
embargo on privateers, lifting of, 224
flag flown by vessels of war of, 76n
General Court, 10, 11, 14, 21, 28, 126, 127, 128, 130, 224
letters of marque issued by, xx, 13, 14
Machias affair and, 7–10
navy of, xii, 20, 21
Penobscot Expedition and, 125, 126–28, 130, 132, 133
Pitt Packet affair and, 5–7
privateering law of, 1, 10–14, 15–16, 37
privateers commissioned by, xxi, 3
promotion of privateering, 15
reasons for engaging in privateering, 3–5
rebellion against Britain prior to the American Revolution, 3–5, 5
Royal Navy and, 5–6, 12
War of 1812 and, 241
Massachusetts Government Act, 13
Matthewman, Luke, 192
McBurney, Christian, 59
McClenachan, Blair, 50, 144, 146, 153, 231, 232
McKim, Mead and White, 210
McLean, Francis, 128, 129
Medea, 203
merchantmen, as formidable, 75, 76n
Mercure de France, 143
Mercury, 144
Merrimack, 242n
Milford, 81–82
military supply ships, 75
Millbay Prison, see Mill Prison
Miller, Andrew, 149
Miller, Ebenezer, 149
Miller, William, 149
Mill Prison, 67, 185, 192, 193, 197
death rate at, 187
defection of prisoners to British naval ships, 188–89
escapes from, 189–91
Mill Prison (continued)
food rations at, 185–86
newspaper coverage of conditions at, 209
release of all prisoners from, 235
sources of prisoners’ money at, 186, 192n
typical day for prisoners at, 186, 188, 201
see also prisons, British
Minerva, 73, 74, 170
Montgomery, 92
Moore, Daniel, 143, 144
Moore, James, 9
Morgan, William James, 221
Morris, Richard B., 235
Morris, Robert, xxiii, 49, 62, 102, 218
Bank of Pennsylvania and, 232
on fluctuations of privateering, 51
on growth of privateering, 45
as member of Committee of Secret Correspondence, 88
privateering ventures of, 49–50, 51, 230–31
on privateers’ success in West Indies, 44
support of American privateering, 48–50, 63, 233
wealth of, 230–31
Morris, William, 190–91
Moultrie, William, xix
Mount Auburn Cemetery, 227
Mount Vernon, 151–52, 151
Mowat, Henry, 132
Moylan, Stephen, 24
Mugford, James, Jr., 24, 25–26, 26, 27
Mullica River to, 169, 169
Murray, David, see Mansfield, David Murray, 2nd Earl of
Nancy
British brig captured by Lee, 23–24, 26, 121
fifteen privateers named, 72
Scottish brig captured by Calonne, 140
Nanny, 114–15
Napoleonic Wars, 240
Narragansett Bay, 18, 28, 71n
Naval Records of the American Revolution, xx
navies, state, 20–21, 27
see also specific states
Navigation Acts, 18, 20
navy, Confederate States, 242n
navy, Continental
battle with Watt, 175–77
capture of British vessels, 104, 105, 161, 162, 220
competition with privateers for cannons and gunpowder, 218
Congress’s authorization of attacks on British vessels by, 35
cost of, 219
desertion from, 217–18
expansion of, 29
impressment of American privateersmen, 217n
launching of, 21–23, 22n, 29, 30, 31
limited practical contribution to the war, 222
number of warships operating during the Revolution, 219
officers in, 217
Penobscot Expedition and, 125, 129, 132–33
privateering as more financially attractive than service in, 56, 61–62, 64–65, 65, 213, 214–15, 216–18, 232
public service role of, 61
raids on commercial shipping, 220
record in battle, 220–21
recruitment for, 61–62, 64–65, 65, 213, 214–15, 216–18, 232
regulations for naval operations, 30, 37
Rhode Island’s request for, 27–28
Royal Navy as having better ships and crew than, 220
ships as operating like privateers, 220
supply of gunpowder, 218, 221
symbolic role of, 221–22
navy, royal, see Royal Navy
navy, U.S., 244
Civil War and, 242
official birth date of, 29, 56
unofficial motto of, 27n
War of 1812 and, 240, 241
see also Continental navy
New American Practical Navigator, The (Bowditch), 227
New-England Chronicle, 27, 78
New England Restraining Act, 3, 47
New England Trade and Fisheries Act, see New England Restraining Act
New Hampshire
Penobscot Expedition and, 126
privateering legislation of, 16, 37
privateers commissioned by, xx, xxi
New-Hampshire Gazette, 57
New Jersey, xxi, 20, 60
New Jersey Gazette, 232
New Jersey State Gazette, 78
New London, Conn.
Arnold’s raid on, 160, 170–74
as port for privateers, 48, 53, 111, 162, 170
Newman, Wingate, 78–79, 80
Newport, R.I., 85, 111, 193n
Newsham, John, 187
newspapers
on horrific conditions on prison ships, 206, 208–9, 210–11, 233
on privateers, 232, 233
New York
British control of, 106, 193
Nine Years’ War and, xxii–xxiii
as port for privateers, 176, 177, 179
prison ships in, xxiv, 193; see also Jersey
privateers commissioned by, for Britain, xxi, xxii, 3, 179
War of 1812 and, 241
New-York Mercury, 143
Nicholson, James, 175–76
Niles, Hezekiah, 240–41
Nine Years’ War, xxii–xxiii
Norman, John, 7
North, Lord, 12, 13, 79, 108, 183
Northampton, 33
North’s Act, 183
Norwich, Conn., 170
Nova Scotia, 158, 163, 177–78, 178, 215
Nova Scotia Gazette, 158
Nye, Samuel, 80
O’Brien, Jeremiah, 9, 22n
Observer, 157–58, 159
Old Mill Prison, see Mill Prison
Olive Branch Petition, 2, 31
Orpheus, 71
Oswald, Richard, 238
Otis, Samuel A., 51
Paine, Robert Treat, 224–25
Paine, Thomas, 38, 39–40
Panton, Henry Gibson, 5–6
Paris, Treaty of, 108, 235
Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, 242, 244
Parke, Matthew, 220
Pat (wounded Irishman on General Arnold), 112–13
Paterson, John, 63
patriotism
Founding Fathers’ complex view of, 62–63
of privateersmen, 62, 66–67, 68
Washington on, 66
“Paul Revere’s Ride” (Longfellow), 51
Peabody, Joseph, 231
Peale, Charles Willson, 49
Pearl, 167
Pearl Harbor, attack on, 133
Pelée, Mount, 89
Pennsylvania
Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 154–55
privateers commissioned by, xxi, 58
state navy of, 58
Pennsylvania Gazette, 146, 147
Pennsylvania Magazine, 38
Penobscot Expedition, 125–33, 131, 132, 221
Perry, 243
Philadelphia, Pa., 35
as “birthplace of the American navy,” 22n
British control of, 106
British prison ships in, 193n
petition to Congress for permission to fit out privateers, 34
Philip II, xxii
Phillips, Samuel, 67
Pickering, xvii, xvii, 132
battle with Achilles, xi–xii, xiv–xvi
battle with Golden Eagle, xiv, xv
Pickering, Thomas, 82
Pickering, Timothy, 45
Pickman, William, 45
Pierce, Franklin, 242
Pilgrim, 227
pilot, definition of, 15n
piracy
golden age of, xxiii
privateersmen on trial for, 141, 145, 243
view of privateering and, xxi–xxiii, 67–68, 215–16
Pitt Packet, 5–7
Plantagenet, 237
Plymouth Harbor, 116, 117
Pollard, Robert, 12
Polly, 7
Pomona, 121–22
Pompey, 233–34
Porter, David (captain of the Tartar), 122, 123
Porter, David (Commodore during War of 1812), 122
Porter, David Dixon (superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy), 122
Porus, 74–75, 132
Postillion, 82
Potomac River, 150, 152
pounder, as a term, xiin
Powell, James, 33
Powell, Walter L., 173
Pratt, Joseph, 233, 234
Prince, Christopher, 67
Princeton, Battle of, 50, 106
prisons, British, 67–68, 181
in Bridgetown, Barbados, 122
Continental Congress’s investigation into conditions within, 206
death of prisoners in, 187, 196, 197, 198, 200–201, 203, 235
defection of prisoners to British naval ships, 188–89
prisons, British (continued)
disease in, 193–94
escapes from, 189–92, 203–6, 207–8
in exchange of prisoners between Britain and America, 116, 122, 124, 136–37, 139, 156, 189, 192, 202–3, 208
food rations at, 185–86
health of prisoners in, 187, 197, 200
horrific conditions of, xxiv, 68, 156, 183, 192–96, 197, 198–200, 203, 208n, 210–11
monument for victims of, 210
newspaper coverage of, 206, 208–9, 210–11, 233
patriotism of prisoners in, 188–89
prisoners in, number of, 193
processing of prisoners for, 183, 184
as psychological weapons of terror, 209–10
release of all Americans prisoners from, 234–35
Scorpion, 207–8
typical day for prisoners in, 186, 188
see also Forton Prison; Jersey; Mill Prison
Prison Ship Martyrs Monument, 210
privateering, xviii–xxi, 211, 222–23
abolishing of, 237–40, 239, 242, 244
barons, 50
Black patriots and, 57, 154–57
during the Civil War, 242–44
Congress’s debate over, 34
controversy over, 212–18, 222, 226, 228–29, 232, 237–41, 239
Europe’s surprise at success of, 161
financial impact on Britain, 162–64
first instance of, xxi
French alliance as reshaping, 108–9
government oversight of, xxiii
Greenwood experience in, 119–25
impact on American economy, 224–26, 228, 229–32
law and regulations on, 10–14, 15–16, 35, 36, 37, 55, 63, 216
as more financially attractive than naval service, 61, 213, 214–15
as a patriotic endeavor, 62, 63
War of 1812 and, 240, 241–42
Greely, Thomas, 114
Greene, Christopher, 229
Greene, Nathanael, xxiii, 51, 153, 229, 230
Greenwood, John, 119–21, 120, 122, 123–25, 125, 195
Gregson, 113–14
Grenada, 92
Grey, Charles, 167–68, 168
grog, 53n
Groton Heights, Battle of, 160, 170–74, 171
guns on privateers, 70, 71
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 82, 193n
Hamond, Andrew Snape, 159
Hampden, 82–83
Hancock
New Londoner private sloop, 73–74
Philadelphia privateer, 78
Hancock, John, xxiii, 33, 36, 38, 44, 225
Hannah
American packet ship, 18
American schooner, 22, 22n
British merchantman, 162, 170, 172
Hannah and Molly, 10
Haraden, Jonathan, xi–xii, xiii, xiv–xviii, xvii, 79–80, 132
hardtack, 70n
Harriot, 80
Hartley, David, 186, 209, 238
Havens, Daniel, 206–7
Hawker, James, 123
Hawkins, Christopher, 203–6
Heath, William, 63
Hector, 132
Hempstead, Stephen, 174
Henry III, xxi
Herbert, Charles, 67, 184, 185
Hibernia, 53–54
Hill, Hugh, 227, 228
Hinman, Elisha, 52
Hinton, John, 91
History of American Privateers, A (Maclay), 161
Hohenstein, Anton, 99
Holker, 143–47, 144, 162
Hope
American privateer (in attack on Lunenburg), 178
ordnance ship captured in 1776, 23, 25–26
privateer sloop (1781), 52
Providence privateer, 75, 239
twenty-three privateers named, 72
Howe, William, 106, 203
Hughes, R. Ball, 227
Hunter, 208
Hunter, Robert, 23
Huntington, Samuel, 222
Hyder Ally, 58
Independence, 116
Industry, 167
Ingham, Charles Cromwell, 239
insurance rates for merchantmen traveling to the West Indies, 93
Intolerable Acts, 2, 13
Ireland, 3, 103
Iris, 123–24, 143, 207
Jack, 157–59
Jamaica, 73, 91, 92, 177
Jameson, John Franklin, xx–xxi
Jamieson, Alan G., 108
Jason, 25, 189
Jay, John, 94, 138, 234
Jefferson, Thomas, xxiii
Declaration of Independence and, 41
on desire for pre-printed letters of marque, 45
on New Englanders’ use of privateers, 10
support for ending privateering, 239, 240
support for privateering, 233, 240
War of 1812 and, 240, 241
Jefferson Davis, 244
Jefferys, Thomas, 35, 148
Jenkins, Leoline, 63n
Jersey, 182
deaths on, 196, 197, 198, 200–201, 203, 235
disease on, 197, 200
escape from, 203–6
horrific conditions of, 156, 192–93, 194–96, 197, 198–200, 203
physical description of, 194–95, 195
prisoner exchanges of, 156
prisoners’ arrival at, 195–96
provisions on, 198–200
as psychological weapon of terror, 209–10
release of all prisoners from, 235
total number of prisoners on, 195
see also prisons, British
jolly boat, definition of, 145n
Jones, Ebenezer, 147–48
Jones, Ichabod, 7, 8–9
Jones, John Paul, xviii, xxiii, 220
in Battle of Flamborough Head, 221, 222
Eagle’s lawsuit against, 217n
on motivation of privateersmen and owners, 62
recruitment of crew for navy ships, 64, 65, 218
on Saltonstall, 127
Katy, 20, 22n
Keane, Roger, 146–47
King of Prussia, 39
King William’s War, xxii–xxiii
Kirwan, Richard, 227
Knox, Henry, 51
Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 240
Kuhl, Jackson, 150
Lady Washington, 27
Lafayette, Marquis de, 152
Langdon, John, 212, 231, 233
Latham, William, 171
Latrobe, Benjamin, 151
Laurens, Henry, 234
Lawler, Matthew, 143, 144
Lawrence, James, 27n
Ledyard, William, 171, 172, 173
Lee, 23, 121
Lee, Arthur, 96
Lee, Charles, 223, 224
Lee, Richard Henry, 41
Lehman, Eric D., 174
Lehman, John, xviii
letters of marque
during American Revolution, xx, 33, 45, 109, 242
during Civil War, 242, 243, 244
Congress’s power to grant, 240, 241
definition of, xii
dual-purpose, 48
Great Britain’s use of, xxi–xxii, 174
during Nine Years’ War, xxii–xxiii
as a type of privateer, xiii–xiv
during War of 1812, 241, 242
Lexington, 56, 104
Lexington, Battle of, 1
Liberator, The, 157
Liberty (Thomson), 28
Library of Congress, xx
Lindsey, Thomas, 18–19
Little Egg Harbor, N.J., 111, 168–69, 169
Lively, 158
Liverpool, 43
Liverpool, Great Britain, 55n, 114, 175
Lloyd’s of London, 161, 163, 241
L’oiseau, 165
London Advertiser, 163
London Annual Register, 103
London Courant, 138
Longacre, J. B., 56
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 51
Long Island, Battle of, 106, 111
Long Island Sound, 147, 148
Lords of the Admiralty, 174
Louis XVI, 3, 87, 100n
Lovell, Solomon, 127, 128, 129–31
luggers, definition of, xvn
Lunenburg, Raid on, 178
Lyman, Daniel, 160
Lyon, 158
Macatter, Edward, 138
Machias, Maine, 7, 8, 9, 22n
Machias affair, 7–10
Machias Bay, 8
Maclay, Edgar Stanton, 54, 161
Madison, James, 240, 241
Magee, James, 116, 119
Majabigwaduce, see Bagaduce
Manley, John, 23, 24, 25, 64, 121–22
Mansfield, David Murray, 2nd Earl of, 97–98, 98, 101, 104, 136
Marblehead, Mass., 22n, 55, 226
Marchant, Stephen, 136, 137–38
Margaretta, 7–10, 22n
Marianna, 203
Marlborough, 59–60
Marquis de Lafayette, 59
Mars, 77
Martinique, 88, 89, 90, 91–92, 98, 234
Maryland, xxi, 241
Massachusetts
British blockade on, 11
embargo on privateers, lifting of, 224
flag flown by vessels of war of, 76n
General Court, 10, 11, 14, 21, 28, 126, 127, 128, 130, 224
letters of marque issued by, xx, 13, 14
Machias affair and, 7–10
navy of, xii, 20, 21
Penobscot Expedition and, 125, 126–28, 130, 132, 133
Pitt Packet affair and, 5–7
privateering law of, 1, 10–14, 15–16, 37
privateers commissioned by, xxi, 3
promotion of privateering, 15
reasons for engaging in privateering, 3–5
rebellion against Britain prior to the American Revolution, 3–5, 5
Royal Navy and, 5–6, 12
War of 1812 and, 241
Massachusetts Government Act, 13
Matthewman, Luke, 192
McBurney, Christian, 59
McClenachan, Blair, 50, 144, 146, 153, 231, 232
McKim, Mead and White, 210
McLean, Francis, 128, 129
Medea, 203
merchantmen, as formidable, 75, 76n
Mercure de France, 143
Mercury, 144
Merrimack, 242n
Milford, 81–82
military supply ships, 75
Millbay Prison, see Mill Prison
Miller, Andrew, 149
Miller, Ebenezer, 149
Miller, William, 149
Mill Prison, 67, 185, 192, 193, 197
death rate at, 187
defection of prisoners to British naval ships, 188–89
escapes from, 189–91
Mill Prison (continued)
food rations at, 185–86
newspaper coverage of conditions at, 209
release of all prisoners from, 235
sources of prisoners’ money at, 186, 192n
typical day for prisoners at, 186, 188, 201
see also prisons, British
Minerva, 73, 74, 170
Montgomery, 92
Moore, Daniel, 143, 144
Moore, James, 9
Morgan, William James, 221
Morris, Richard B., 235
Morris, Robert, xxiii, 49, 62, 102, 218
Bank of Pennsylvania and, 232
on fluctuations of privateering, 51
on growth of privateering, 45
as member of Committee of Secret Correspondence, 88
privateering ventures of, 49–50, 51, 230–31
on privateers’ success in West Indies, 44
support of American privateering, 48–50, 63, 233
wealth of, 230–31
Morris, William, 190–91
Moultrie, William, xix
Mount Auburn Cemetery, 227
Mount Vernon, 151–52, 151
Mowat, Henry, 132
Moylan, Stephen, 24
Mugford, James, Jr., 24, 25–26, 26, 27
Mullica River to, 169, 169
Murray, David, see Mansfield, David Murray, 2nd Earl of
Nancy
British brig captured by Lee, 23–24, 26, 121
fifteen privateers named, 72
Scottish brig captured by Calonne, 140
Nanny, 114–15
Napoleonic Wars, 240
Narragansett Bay, 18, 28, 71n
Naval Records of the American Revolution, xx
navies, state, 20–21, 27
see also specific states
Navigation Acts, 18, 20
navy, Confederate States, 242n
navy, Continental
battle with Watt, 175–77
capture of British vessels, 104, 105, 161, 162, 220
competition with privateers for cannons and gunpowder, 218
Congress’s authorization of attacks on British vessels by, 35
cost of, 219
desertion from, 217–18
expansion of, 29
impressment of American privateersmen, 217n
launching of, 21–23, 22n, 29, 30, 31
limited practical contribution to the war, 222
number of warships operating during the Revolution, 219
officers in, 217
Penobscot Expedition and, 125, 129, 132–33
privateering as more financially attractive than service in, 56, 61–62, 64–65, 65, 213, 214–15, 216–18, 232
public service role of, 61
raids on commercial shipping, 220
record in battle, 220–21
recruitment for, 61–62, 64–65, 65, 213, 214–15, 216–18, 232
regulations for naval operations, 30, 37
Rhode Island’s request for, 27–28
Royal Navy as having better ships and crew than, 220
ships as operating like privateers, 220
supply of gunpowder, 218, 221
symbolic role of, 221–22
navy, royal, see Royal Navy
navy, U.S., 244
Civil War and, 242
official birth date of, 29, 56
unofficial motto of, 27n
War of 1812 and, 240, 241
see also Continental navy
New American Practical Navigator, The (Bowditch), 227
New-England Chronicle, 27, 78
New England Restraining Act, 3, 47
New England Trade and Fisheries Act, see New England Restraining Act
New Hampshire
Penobscot Expedition and, 126
privateering legislation of, 16, 37
privateers commissioned by, xx, xxi
New-Hampshire Gazette, 57
New Jersey, xxi, 20, 60
New Jersey Gazette, 232
New Jersey State Gazette, 78
New London, Conn.
Arnold’s raid on, 160, 170–74
as port for privateers, 48, 53, 111, 162, 170
Newman, Wingate, 78–79, 80
Newport, R.I., 85, 111, 193n
Newsham, John, 187
newspapers
on horrific conditions on prison ships, 206, 208–9, 210–11, 233
on privateers, 232, 233
New York
British control of, 106, 193
Nine Years’ War and, xxii–xxiii
as port for privateers, 176, 177, 179
prison ships in, xxiv, 193; see also Jersey
privateers commissioned by, for Britain, xxi, xxii, 3, 179
War of 1812 and, 241
New-York Mercury, 143
Nicholson, James, 175–76
Niles, Hezekiah, 240–41
Nine Years’ War, xxii–xxiii
Norman, John, 7
North, Lord, 12, 13, 79, 108, 183
Northampton, 33
North’s Act, 183
Norwich, Conn., 170
Nova Scotia, 158, 163, 177–78, 178, 215
Nova Scotia Gazette, 158
Nye, Samuel, 80
O’Brien, Jeremiah, 9, 22n
Observer, 157–58, 159
Old Mill Prison, see Mill Prison
Olive Branch Petition, 2, 31
Orpheus, 71
Oswald, Richard, 238
Otis, Samuel A., 51
Paine, Robert Treat, 224–25
Paine, Thomas, 38, 39–40
Panton, Henry Gibson, 5–6
Paris, Treaty of, 108, 235
Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law, 242, 244
Parke, Matthew, 220
Pat (wounded Irishman on General Arnold), 112–13
Paterson, John, 63
patriotism
Founding Fathers’ complex view of, 62–63
of privateersmen, 62, 66–67, 68
Washington on, 66
“Paul Revere’s Ride” (Longfellow), 51
Peabody, Joseph, 231
Peale, Charles Willson, 49
Pearl, 167
Pearl Harbor, attack on, 133
Pelée, Mount, 89
Pennsylvania
Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 154–55
privateers commissioned by, xxi, 58
state navy of, 58
Pennsylvania Gazette, 146, 147
Pennsylvania Magazine, 38
Penobscot Expedition, 125–33, 131, 132, 221
Perry, 243
Philadelphia, Pa., 35
as “birthplace of the American navy,” 22n
British control of, 106
British prison ships in, 193n
petition to Congress for permission to fit out privateers, 34
Philip II, xxii
Phillips, Samuel, 67
Pickering, xvii, xvii, 132
battle with Achilles, xi–xii, xiv–xvi
battle with Golden Eagle, xiv, xv
Pickering, Thomas, 82
Pickering, Timothy, 45
Pickman, William, 45
Pierce, Franklin, 242
Pilgrim, 227
pilot, definition of, 15n
piracy
golden age of, xxiii
privateersmen on trial for, 141, 145, 243
view of privateering and, xxi–xxiii, 67–68, 215–16
Pitt Packet, 5–7
Plantagenet, 237
Plymouth Harbor, 116, 117
Pollard, Robert, 12
Polly, 7
Pomona, 121–22
Pompey, 233–34
Porter, David (captain of the Tartar), 122, 123
Porter, David (Commodore during War of 1812), 122
Porter, David Dixon (superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy), 122
Porus, 74–75, 132
Postillion, 82
Potomac River, 150, 152
pounder, as a term, xiin
Powell, James, 33
Powell, Walter L., 173
Pratt, Joseph, 233, 234
Prince, Christopher, 67
Princeton, Battle of, 50, 106
prisons, British, 67–68, 181
in Bridgetown, Barbados, 122
Continental Congress’s investigation into conditions within, 206
death of prisoners in, 187, 196, 197, 198, 200–201, 203, 235
defection of prisoners to British naval ships, 188–89
prisons, British (continued)
disease in, 193–94
escapes from, 189–92, 203–6, 207–8
in exchange of prisoners between Britain and America, 116, 122, 124, 136–37, 139, 156, 189, 192, 202–3, 208
food rations at, 185–86
health of prisoners in, 187, 197, 200
horrific conditions of, xxiv, 68, 156, 183, 192–96, 197, 198–200, 203, 208n, 210–11
monument for victims of, 210
newspaper coverage of, 206, 208–9, 210–11, 233
patriotism of prisoners in, 188–89
prisoners in, number of, 193
processing of prisoners for, 183, 184
as psychological weapons of terror, 209–10
release of all Americans prisoners from, 234–35
Scorpion, 207–8
typical day for prisoners in, 186, 188
see also Forton Prison; Jersey; Mill Prison
Prison Ship Martyrs Monument, 210
privateering, xviii–xxi, 211, 222–23
abolishing of, 237–40, 239, 242, 244
barons, 50
Black patriots and, 57, 154–57
during the Civil War, 242–44
Congress’s debate over, 34
controversy over, 212–18, 222, 226, 228–29, 232, 237–41, 239
Europe’s surprise at success of, 161
financial impact on Britain, 162–64
first instance of, xxi
French alliance as reshaping, 108–9
government oversight of, xxiii
Greenwood experience in, 119–25
impact on American economy, 224–26, 228, 229–32
law and regulations on, 10–14, 15–16, 35, 36, 37, 55, 63, 216
as more financially attractive than naval service, 61, 213, 214–15
as a patriotic endeavor, 62, 63
