Making the imperial nati.., p.42
Making the Imperial Nation, page 42
148. Downing to Clarendon, 15/25 January 1663/4, Clarendon MSS, 107, fols. 65–66.
149. Bridenbaugh, Pynchon Papers, vol. 1, 71–72.
150. Europae modernae speculum; or, A view of the empires, kingdoms, principalities, seignieuries, and common-wealths of Europe (1666), 91–92.
151. Lynch, “Accompt of the English sugar plantations,” fol. 638.
152. CSPC, 1669–1674, 975.
153. Godolphin to Arlington, 1/11 July 1669, SP 94/54, fol. 194; Godolphin to Henry Coventry, 14/24 August 1678, Coventry MSS, 60, fol. 235.
154. Godolphin to Arlington, 11/21 September 1667, SP 94/53, fol. 49; Sir John Werden to Arlington, 1 May 1669, SP 94/54, fol. 155; Thomas Bebington, ed., The Right Honourable the Earl of Arlington’s Letters, 2 vols. (1701), vol. 1, 371.
155. Godolphin to Arlington, 13/23 July 1670, SP 94/57, fol. 17; Godolphin to Arlington, 19/29 October 1670, SP 94/ 57, fol. 117; Godolphin to Francis Parry, 25 September 1670, MS Eng. Lett. C. 328, fols. 52–53; Barbara H. Stein and Stanley J. Stein, Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 63–64, 122.
156. Arlington to Godolphin, 12 August 1670, BL Add MSS, 35100, fol. 96.
157. CSPC, 1669–1674, 138; Bliss, Revolution and Empire, 161–163.
158. “Worsley’s Discourse of the Privateers,” fol. 310.
159. Godolphin to Arlington, 11/21 September 1667, SP 94/53, fol. 49; Godolphin to Charles II, 19/29 July 1670, SP 94/57, fol. 35.
160. Swingen, Competing Visions, 63; Lynch, “Considerations about the Spaniards buying Negros of the English at Jamaica,” 2 February 1674, BL Egerton MSS, 2395, fol. 501.
161. Cheves, Shaftesbury Papers, 327.
162. “Worsley’s Discourse of the Privateers,” fol. 313.
163. Lynch to Henry Slingsby, 29 November 1671, BL Add MSS 11,410, fols. 200–201.
164. Lynch, “Considerations about the Spaniards,” fol. 501.
165. Godolphin to Arlington, 13/23 July 1670, SP 57/94, fol. 20.
166. Lynch to the Council of Trade and Plantations, 20 August 1671, BL Add MSS, 11410, fols. 187–189.
167. Belassis to Clarendon, 5/15 September 1665, Clarendon MSS, 83, fols. 196–197; Cholmley to Henry Norwood, 24 December 1666, Cholmley MSS, ZCG, V, 1/1/2, fol. 5; Cholmley to Clifford, 28 April 1670, Cholmley MSS, ZCG, V, 1/1/2, fol. 31.
168. Martin Westcombe to John Fitzgerald, 27 October 1663, CO 279, 2/130; Bebington, Arlington Letters, vol. 2, 39, 42.
169. Middleton to the Lords Commissioners, 9 October 1672, BL Sloane MSS, 3511, fols. 160–161; Thomas Maynard to Edward Nicholas, 8/18 December 1661, National Archives, SP 89/5, fol. 73.
170. E. M. G. Routh, Tangier: England’s Lost Atlantic Outpost, 1661–1684 (London, 1912), 23–24, 49, 69; Linda Colley, Captives: Britain, Empire, and the World (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002), 52.
171. Cholmley, “Discourse of Tangier,” fol. 94.
172. James Wilson, “His account of Tangier and Barbary,” 1661, BL Sloane MSS 3509, fols. 11–14; Earl of Sandwich to the duke of York, 1662, BL Sloane MSS 3509, fols. 26–27.
173. Sandwich to Clarendon, May 1661, Clarendon MSS, 76, fols. 464–465.
174. Cholmley to Henry Norwood, 1 November 1667, Cholmley MSS, V/1/1/2, 108; Cholmley to Christopher Wren, 28 April 1670, Cholmley MSS, V/1/1/3, 38. See also Henry Norwood to Clarendon, 29 May 1667, Clarendon MSS, 85, fol. 291.
175. Anna Suranyi, The Genius of the English Nation: Travel Writing and National Identity in Early Modern England (Newark: University of New Hampshire Press, 2008), 75–76, 78; Nabil Matar, Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 134–135.
176. Charles Molloy, De Jure Maritimo et Navali: or, A Treatise of Affaires Maritime, and of Commerce (1676), 422.
177. Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce (1727), 1.
Chapter 4. “People of Another World”
1. “Overtures touching a Councell to bee erected for forreigne plantations,” 1660, BL Egerton MSS, 2395, fol. 272; “Proposition for a Council for the Plantations,” 1660, BL Egerton MSS, 2395, fol. 276.
2. Mary Maples Dunn and Richard S. Dunn, eds., The Papers of William Penn, 5 vols. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981–1986), vol. 2, 64; Clarence S. Brigham, ed., British Royal Proclamations Relating to America, 1603–1763 (Worcester, MA, 1911), 52–55.
3. “Overtures touching a Councell,” fol. 272.
4. Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain, and France, c. 1500–c. 1800 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 15–17.
5. See especially Daniel Defoe, A Plan of the English Commerce (1727), 71.
6. William Cobbett, ed., The Parliamentary History of England, 36 vols. (1806–1820), vol. 4, 128–129.
7. Peter Moogk, “Reluctant Exiles: Emigrants from France in Canada before 1760,” W&MQ 46, no. 3 (July 1989): 465–466.
8. John Josselyn, An account of two voyages to New-England (1673), 152.
9. Richard Koebner, Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), 50–60.
10. Jack P. Greene, “Negotiated Authorities: The Problem of Governance in the Extended Polities of the Early Modern Atlantic World,” in Greene, Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial, Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1994), 1–23.
11. L. H. Roper, Advancing Empire: English Interests and Overseas Expansion, 1613–1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 161–190. See also Elizabeth Mancke, “Negotiating an Empire: Britain and Its Overseas Peripheries, c. 1550–1780,” in Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, eds., Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500–1820 (London: Routledge, 2002), 244–246.
12. Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), 225; Alison Games, “Migration,” in David Armitage and Michael Braddick, eds., The British Atlantic World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 32–33.
13. Randall H. Balmer, A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Home, Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities (London: Routledge, 2013), 68.
14. Kristen Block and Jenny Shaw, “Subjects Without an Empire: The Irish in the Early Modern Caribbean,” Past and Present 210, no. 1 (February 2011): 33–60; Louis Cullen, “The Irish Diaspora of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in Nicholas Canny, ed., Europeans on the Move: Studies in European Migration, 1500–1800 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 113–152.
15. Bridget Orr, Empire on the English Stage, 1660–1714 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 224–230.
16. J. M. Sosin, English America and the Restoration Monarchy of Charles II: Transatlantic Politics, Commerce, and Kinship (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 41–43; Michael J. Braddick, “Government, War, Trade, and Settlement,” in Nicholas Canny, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 1: The Origins of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 286–308.
17. Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, vol. 1, 197.
18. Privy Council Register, 26 February 1661, 55/2, fol. 284; Robert M. Bliss, Revolution and Empire: English Politics and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), 145.
19. Worsley to Ashley Cooper, 14 August 1668, PRO 20/34/49, fol. 228.
20. R. P. Bieber, “The British Plantation Councils of 1670–4,” English Historical Review 40, no. 157 (January 1925): 93–106; Charles M. Andrews, “Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations, 1622–1675,” Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, ser. 26, nos. 1–3 (1908): 15–19.
21. E. S. De Beer, ed., The Diary of John Evelyn, 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), vol. 3, 578.
22. Worsley to Ashley Cooper, 14 August 1668, fol. 228.
23. William Penn, A Brief Account of the Province of Pennsylvania (1681), 1.
24. John Palmer, The Present State of New-England (1689), 7, 9; Maura Jane Farrelly, Papist Patriots: The Making of an American Catholic Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 9–10.
25. Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607–1788 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 23–24.
26. Dunn and Dunn, Papers of William Penn, vol. 2, 472–474.
27. Josselyn, An account of two voyages, 45–46; “The Royal Charter Incorporating the Hudson’s Bay Company,” in E. E. Rich, ed., Minutes of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 139; Company of Adventurers to the Bahamas, “Articles of Agreement,” 4 September 1672, BL Add MSS, 15640, fols. 1, 9, 11.
28. Privy Council Register, 20 March 1661, PC 2/55, fol. 97; Tristan Stein, “Tangier in the Restoration Empire,” Historical Journal 54, no. 4 (December 2011): 1006.
29. Samuel Maverick to Clarendon, n.d., Clarendon MSS, 74, fol. 253.
30. Palmer, Present State of New-England, 7, 9.
31. Sir John Werden to James Dyer, 30 November 1676, CO 5/1112, fol. 19.
32. Notes explanatory of some of the heads annexed to the petition of the Virginia Agents, 1675, Coventry MSS, 77, fol. 44.
33. Richard Beale Davis, ed., William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676–1701 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963), 156–158.
34. Jack P. Greene, “‘The Same Liberties and Privileges as Englishmen in England’: Law, Liberty and Identity in the Construction of Colonial English and Revolutionary America,” in Rebecca Starr, ed., Articulating America: Fashioning a National Political Culture in Early America (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 45–90.
35. Charles II, “A grant of Bombay with all its rights forever to our East India Company,” 1668, Rawlinson MSS, B516, fol. 32.
36. Earl of Peterborough, “To all his Majesty’s subjects in the aforesaid Dominions,” 5 February 1661/2, Rawlinson MSS, D491, fol. 2; Hugh Cholmley, “Discourse of Tangier,” 1672, BL Lansdowne, 192, fol. 95; John Luke to the Archbishop of Canterbury, n.d., BL Sloane MSS, 3509, fol. 64.
37. Ken MacMillan, “‘Bound by Our Regal Office’: Empire, Sovereignty, and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century,” in Stephen Foster, ed., British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 76–77.
38. Directors to Deputy-Governor and Council at Bombay, BL, IOR, 28 July 1686, E/3/91, fol. 83.
39. The laws of Virginia, now in force (1662); “Sir Thomas Muddiford’s Commission as Governor of Jamaica,” 1664, Rawlinson MSS, A347, fol. 84; Dunn and Dunn, Papers of William Penn, vol. 2, 66.
40. Ashley Cooper to Major Tolhurst, 17 July 1671, PRO 30/24/48, fol. 181; Ken MacMillan, Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World: The Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 14; MacMillan, “Bound by Our Regal Office,” 89–90.
41. Roper and Van Ruymbeke, Constructing Early Modern Empires, 20–13; William Pettigrew, “Corporate Constitutionalism and the Dialogue Between the Global and Local in Seventeenth-Century English History,” Itinerario 39, no. 3 (January 2016): 487–501.
42. Farrelly, Papist Patriots, 64.
43. Phil Withington, “Public Discourse, Corporate Citizenship and State-Formation in Early Modern England,” American Historical Review 112, no. 4 (October 2007): 1016–1038; Michael J. Braddick, State Formation in Early Modern England, c. 1550–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 11–46.
44. Langdon Cheves, ed., The Shaftesbury Papers (Charleston, SC: Tempus Publications, 2000), 382.
45. Paul D. Halliday, Dismembering the Body Politic: Partisan Politics in England’s Towns, 1650–1730 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 276–303.
46. Thomas P. Slaughter, ed., Ideology and Politics on the Eve of the Restoration: Newcastle’s Advice to Charles II (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984), 41; Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan; or, The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill, ed. C.B. MacPherson (London: Penguin, 1968), 375.
47. Bliss, Revolution and Empire, 45–64; Pestana, English Atlantic, 157–167.
48. “Overtures touching a Councell,” fol. 272.
49. “An Essaie or overture for regulating the Affaires of his Highness in the West Indies,” n.d., BL Add MSS, 11411, fols. 11–12.
50. Earl of Cassilis to earl of Lauderdale, 28 December 1660, NRS, Ailsa MSS, GD 25/9, box 30/2; “Proposals for the advancement of the plantation of Jamaica,” PRO 30/24/49, fols. 31–3; CSPC, 1661–1668, 56.
51. Register of the Privy Council, 20 February 1660/1, PC 2/55, fol. 74.
52. Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, vol. 1, 236.
53. Rich, ed., Minutes of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 139; Perry Gauci, The Politics of Trade: The Overseas Merchant in State and Society, 1660–1720 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 116.
54. Company of Adventurers to the Bahamas, “Articles of Agreement,” fol. 1; W. H. Miller, “The Colonization of the Bahamas, 1647–1670, W&MQ, 3rd ser. 2, no. 1 (1945): 33–46.
55. Rich, Minutes of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 182–183, 217, 222; P. E. H. Hair and Robin Law, “The English in West Africa to 1700,” in Canny, Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 1, 255; K. G. Davies, The Royal African Company (London: Longmans, Green, 1957), 63–65, 101–104; Roper, Conceiving Carolina, 72–73.
56. Elizabeth Mancke, “Negotiating an Empire,” in Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, eds., Negotiated Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500–1820 (London: Routledge, 2002), 235–265; Jack P. Greene, “Transatlantic Colonization and the Redefinition of Empire in the Early Modern Era,” in Daniels and Kennedy, Negotiated Empires, 267–282.
57. Thomas Woodward to Anthony Ashley Cooper, 2 June 1665, PRO 30/24/48, fol. 7; Earl of Sandwich to Edward Hyde, May 1661, Clarendon MSS, 75, fols. 464–465; Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of Possession in Europe’s Conquest of the New World, 1492–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Jane Ohlmeyer, “Eastward Enterprises: Colonial Ireland, Colonial India,” Past & Present 240, no. 1 (August 2018): 98.
58. Cotton Mather, The wonders of the invisible world (1693), preface.
59. T. H. Breen, “Persistent Localism: English Social Change and the Shaping of New England Institutions,” W&MQ, 3rd ser. 32 (January 1975): 3–28; T. H. Breen, “Creative Adaptations: Peoples and Cultures,” in J. P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 195–232.
60. Bliss, Revolution and Empire, 210–211; Thomas Leng, “Shaftesbury’s Aristocratic Empire,” in John Spurr, ed., Anthony Ashley Cooper, First Earl of Shaftesbury (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), 106–107.
61. George Scot, Model of the Government of the Province of East New Jersey (1682), 211, 214–217.
62. Dunn and Dunn, Papers of William Penn, vol. 1, 390–395, vol. 2, 149–151, 224; William Penn, A further account of the province of Pennsylvania and its improvements (1685), 17.
63. Scot, Model of the Government, 27.
64. Sir William Berkeley, “A Discourse and View of Virginia,” 1662, BL Egerton MSS, 2395, fol. 354.
65. Dunn and Dunn, Papers of William Penn, vol. 3, 456–457, 565–568; Roper, Conceiving Carolina, 47–48, 61–62; Sosin, English America, 136–138, 213–216.
66. Dunn and Dunn, Papers of William Penn, vol. 3, 633.
67. Michael Craton, “Reluctant Creoles: The Planters’ World in the British West Indies,” in Bernard Bailyn and Philip Morgan, eds., Strangers Within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (Williamsburg: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 314–362.
68. CSPC, 1661–1668, 764.
69. Register of the Privy Council, 26 May 1662, PC 2/55, fol. 326; Register of the Privy Council, 12 June 1668, PC 2/56, fol. 10; Alison Gilbert Olson, Making the Empire Work: London and American Interest Groups, 1690–1790 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 29–30.
70. Marion Tinling, ed., The Correspondence of the Three William Byrds of Westover, Virginia, 1684–1776, 2 vols. (Charlottesville: Virginia Historical Society, 1977), vol. 1, 32–34; Romney R. Sedgwick, “John Bromley,” in Romney Sedgwick, ed., The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1715–1754 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970).
71. Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., The Pynchon Papers: Letters of John Pynchon, 1654–1700, 2 vols. (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1982), vol. 1, 108–110.
72. William Smith, To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty . . . an essay for recovery of trade (1661), 45. See also John Houghton, Collection of Letters for the improvement of husbandry and trade, 2 vols. (1681–1683), vol. 2, 28.
73. Report of the grand committee, March 1670, BL Add MSS 22,467, fols. 91–92; L. F. Stock, ed., Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America, 5 vols. (Washington, DC, 1924), vol. 1, 369, 373–374; Cobbett, Parliamentary History, vol. 4, 368–369.
74. The Interest of the Nation, the Sugar Plantations, and the Refiners of Sugars, stated (1691), 6.
75. “Reasons against the management of the East India trade as now driven under the present Joint Stock,” All Souls MS 238, fol. 162; The allegations of the Turky Company and others against the East-India-Company (1681), 4.
76. For these ideas, see Henry Oldenburg, “Inquiries Recommended to Colonel Linch going to Jamaica,” 16 December 1670, BL Sloane MSS 3984, fol. 194.
77. Lords Journal, vol. 12: 1666–75, 486–487, 494–495, 502–503; Stock, Proceedings and Debates, vol. 1, 368–371, 382–383, 386; Anchitel Grey, Debates of the House of Commons, from the year 1667 to the year 1694, 10 vols. (London, 1763), vol. 1, 312–313, 435–437.
78. Edward Lyttleton, The Groans of the Plantations (1689), 2; To the Kings most Excellent Majesty, The humble Remonstrance of John Blande of London (1661).
