Pharma, p.111
Pharma, page 111
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 192, 194–95, 279–80 anti-Semitism of, 281–82
Sacklers and, 192–97, 194n, 273, 279–84, 285, 356–59, 526, 528
Temple of Dendur at, 279–81, 283n, 285, 356–57, 526, 528
Mevacor, 387–89, 393, 431
Mexican-American War, 5
Meyer, André, 279–80
Meyer, Karl, 358
microbes, 28, 45, 124 germ theory, 6–7
see also bacteria, bacterial infections
microwaves: FDA regulation of, 240
Mildvan, Donna, 342–44
milk, 11–12, 95n, 240
Miller, Anne, 37–38
Miller, Roy Andrew, 193n, 194
Miltown, 147–52, 155–57, 185, 186, 189, 192, 197–98, 201, 222, 228, 253, 257, 258n, 407 public popularity of, 148–49
minoxidil (Rogaine), 372, 373n, 430
Mitchell, John, 255–56
Mogadon, 186n
monkeys, 169 fusidic acid found in, 99
Walter Reed experiment with, 204n
monoclonal antibodies, 263, 337, 504, 507–8
monopolies, 4, 123, 137, 160, 370, 383, 511 orphan drugs and, 352–53
see also patents
Monroe, Marilyn, 191
Montebello, Philippe de, 357, 359
Montoya, Joseph, 224
Moody’s, 21
Morgan, J. P., 196
Morgenthau, Elinor, 72
Morgenthau, Henry, 72
morphine, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 19, 25, 143, 197, 216, 324, 360, 396, 397 in end-of-life care, 212–14, 396
MS Contin, 395–99, 403, 404, 407, 408, 411, 421, 437, 444, 448
MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443
Morrison, Jim, 288
Motrin, 379–80, 424
mouthwash (Betadine), 245 success of Listerine, 102, 618n28
Moyer, Andrew, 41
MRSA, 232n
MS Contin, 395–99, 403, 404, 407, 408, 411, 421, 437, 444, 448 generic threat to, 395–96
limitation of morphine to, 396
MSG, 120
Ms. Magazine, 287
MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443 petent drugs with, 5–6, 8, 10, 25
Sackler commitment to, 217, 268–69
MTV, 449
mumps, 36, 294
Mundipharma, 108–9, 214, 252, 268–69, 283, 323, 375, 396, 397, 402n, 403, 523, 525, 530, 533 as assignee of Sackler patents, 252, 268–69, 403, 676n28, 716n10
Bermuda subsidiary in UK tax avoidance, 525, 759n18
corporate network of, 108–9, 323, 396–97, 402n, 622n73–75
element of opioid litigation settlement (2019), 530, 533, 762n47
international opioid expansion of, 523–24, 526, 759n10
Munos, Bernard, 516
Murrow, Edward R., 45
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 192
Museum of the American Indian, 285n
museums, 192, 275 see also Metropolitan Museum of Art
mustard gas, 7
Mylan, 493, 499 settlement for misbranding Epipen, 493, 748n10
Nader, Ralph, 328, 423
Nagel, Laura, 443–45, 453–54, 456, 457, 459–61, 466, 474, 484
nalmefene, 532
naloxone, 442, 524, 532
naltrexone, 442
Napp Chemicals, 323
Napp Pharmaceutical Group Limited, 214, 217
Napp Pharmaceuticals, 213–14, 268–69, 283, 375, 397, 398, 402n, 525, 525n corporate structure of, 214n, 696n1
MST Continus, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 397, 443
role in UK tax avoidance, 525
violation of UK Competition Act, 443
Napp Technologies, chemical explosion at, 444
Naprosyn, 385n
Narcan, 532
“narcobiotics,” 88
narcolepsy, 142
narcotics, 25–26, 35, 143, 247–48 President’s Advisory Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, 191–92, 194, 197–98, 199
see also opioids; pain relievers
Narcotics Bureau, 142
Narphen, 216–17
NASA, 249
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 182, 221, 227, 266, 314, 330
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 54–55
National Association of Medical Examiners, 445
National Cancer Act, 247, 262
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 262, 315, 345, 351, 363, 512
National Cancer Program, 345
National Center for Clinical Pharmacology, 377
National Center for Toxicological Research, 240
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 259–60
National Conference on Breast Cancer, 238
National Coordinating Council on Drug Education, 272
National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, 81
National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities, 279
National Gallery of Art, 192, 283, 358
National Geographic, 422
National Institute of Science, 233
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 48, 50, 113, 114, 132, 237, 238, 240, 241, 246, 317, 331, 360, 361, 512 AIDS and, 345–48, 350–51, 353, 354, 356
Division of Biologics Standards, 240, 319, 320
genetic research and, 330, 333, 334
Laboratory of Immunoregulation, 345
orphan drugs and, 352
Psychopharmacology Research Center, 146
research expenditures, 512, 596n5
Vagelos at, 386, 389
National Inventors Hall of Fame, 100
National Mall, 359
National Organization for Women (NOW), 140
National Research Council (NRC), 43, 44, 163, 221
National Review, 399
National Welfare Rights Organization, 423
National Women’s Health Network, 242n
Nature, 346n
nausea, 145
Nazi Germany, 30, 30n, 37, 39, 39n, 44, 47, 68–71, 75, 81, 83, 220
Nelson, Gaylord, 224, 226, 246, 247 investigation into health dangers of oral contraceptives, 240–44
nerve growth factor (NGF), 113
Network for Continuing Medical Education, 188
neurotransmitters, 215
New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), 227, 290, 292n, 366, 371, 375, 457 Jick-Porter letter in, 361–63
Newspaper Guild of America, 272
newspapers, 155
Newsweek, 237, 422
New York (magazine), 459
New York art world, 192, 285n
New York Daily News, 105
New York Daily Worker, 105
New York Post, 430
New York Society of Security Analysts, 60, 93
New York Times, ix, 44, 56–57, 80, 90n, 102–5, 121, 127n, 143, 144n, 164, 183, 189, 195, 208, 218, 227, 237, 242, 246n, 250–52, 272, 276–77, 290, 297, 302–6, 336, 344, 346, 350, 354, 358, 375, 377, 392, 420, 428, 518, 526 OxyContin and, 438–43, 456–57, 457n, 461, 472
New York Times Magazine, 287, 328–29
New York University (NYU), 66–67, 74, 267, 283
Nexium, 432–33
niacin, 119
nicotine, 215
Nilsson, Birgit, 72
Nixon, Richard, 138, 224n, 239, 247–49, 253, 255–57, 258n, 259–60, 262, 299, 303, 331, 390, 391 appointment of commission to study marijuana, 258–59
overhaul of HEW and FDA, 239
“War on Drugs” by, 247–48, 256–57
Watergate and, 260
Nobel Prize, 30n, 40, 45n, 60, 62, 63, 113, 129, 264, 265, 332, 334n, 336, 337, 388, 399
Noble, Joseph, 197
noise, 251–52
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, 379–80, 385n
Norden, Heinz, 107
Norplant, 246n
nostrums (patent medicines), 8–10, 15–21, 24, 25, 26, 63, 94, 112n, 360
Novartis, 431, 460, 507 Tasigna, 507n
Zolgensma, 511
novobiocin, 227, 228
NPR, 504
Nucynta, 485
Null, Gary, 290
Nuprin, 380
Nursing Times, 213
Nyswander, Marie, 287, 288
Obama, Barack, 369n, 488n, 496, 506, 517–19
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 328
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 444
Oculinum, 373
Odyssey House, 449
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 33–34, 37, 43
off-label use, 353, 370–75, 508–9 marketing of Botox, 509–10
Oklahoma State University, 528
oleandomycin, 117
Oncogen, 384
On Death and Dying (Kübler-Ross), 210
O’Neill, William L., 47
online services, 429
Onsolis, 486
opioid addiction, 10, 21, 215, 360, 744n16 concerns about, 361–62, 408, 707n10
Opioid Risk Tool and, 479
pseudoaddiction theory and, 366, 419, 466, 479, 727n27
Purdue Pharma strategy to downplay addiction, 408–9, 410, 418, 721n47, 734n45
reevaluation of risks of, 360–68, 405–6, 408, 478–79, 722n61
opioid epidemic, 217, 453, 477, 522–24, 526, 529, 530, 533–34, 528n cannabis and, 260n
in Chillicothe, Ohio, 3–4
overdose antidotes and, 524
see also OxyContin
opioids (opiates), 6, 8, 19, 20, 25–26, 34n, 197, 215, 216, 288n, 360, 440, 485–86, 486n, 488, 492, 529 Butrans, 482
codeine, 10, 26, 157n, 216n, 258, 324
deaths from, 368, 413, 435, 490–91, 524
FDA and, 364, 367, 461
fentanyl, 257, 440, 485
heroin, see heroin
hydrocodone, 26–27, 216n, 360, 440
mechanism of action in, 215, 367
morphine, see morphine
“opioid virgin” market for, 412
opium, 9, 17, 19, 20, 22, 199, 486n
overdoses of, 3–4, 94, 368
oxycodone, 26–27, 216n, 257, 360, 396, 403, 417, 440, 492, 529; see also OxyContin
OxyContin, see OxyContin
political lobbying by manufacturers of, 460–61, 480
reevaluation of, 360–68, 405–6, 408, 478–79
for terminally ill patients, 210–17, 257, 269, 339, 363, 396, 397
Opioids with Abuse Deterrent Properties, 481–82
opium, 9, 17, 19, 20, 22, 199, 486n
Opium Exclusion Act, 22
OptumRx, 497, 499
organ transplants, 113, 336
Orinase, 113
Orlando Sentinel, 469–70 five-part OxyContin investigation by, 469, 724n76, 79
orphan drugs, 178, 352–54, 377, 502–16, 517 Allergan guilty plea to misbranding of, 509
AZT as, 353
cause of high prices of, 503, 508, 511–13, 515
Congressional intent of Orphan Drug Act, 352–53
drug companies’ misuse of public records of, 512
exploitation of Orphan Drug Act, 353–54, 502–5, 510
Orr, Louis, 103n
Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, 373, 407, 486n
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 140, 141
Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, 507
Our Bodies, Ourselves (Boston Women’s Health Book Collective), 244n
overdoses, 3, 26, 247, 732n19 of barbiturates, 191
of benzodiazepines, 288n
of heroin, 288, 325n, 439, 684n15, 724n81
of opioids, 3–4, 94, 368
of opium, 9
of OxyContin, 435, 439, 441, 444, 445, 449, 454–56
see also deaths, drug
over-the-counter (OTC) medications, 112n, 120, 142, 229, 245, 425
oxazolidinones, 520
Oxford University, 30–33, 36, 37, 40–41, 137
oxycodone, 26–27, 216n, 257, 360, 396, 403, 417, 440, 492, 529 see also OxyContin
OxyContin, xi, 153, 360, 367, 376, 402, 402n, 404–14, 415–21, 435–50, 451–62, 463–76, 477–91, 522–34 abuse of, 435–50, 451–62, 470–71, 473, 475, 477, 480, 481, 483 Purdue failure to report, 471–72
for arthritis pain, 411, 415, 447, 466
breastfeeding infants and, 468
CDC and, 417n, 420
clinical trials for, 405, 409, 415, 446
Congressional committees and, 448, 449
crushing or breaking of tablets, 419–20, 442, 481–82 prescription warning insert, 419–20
revision by FDA of label warning, 446–47
trials by Purdue, 481
DEA and, 441–45, 449, 450, 451, 453–59, 463, 472, 475, 479, 484–86 compilation of overdose deaths by, 445, 453–56, 737n14–16
deaths from, 435, 439, 441, 444, 445, 449, 454–56, 479, 482–83, 490–91, 522
detail team and, 410–13, 415–21, 451–53, 477, 480–84, 487, 489 downplaying addictiveness, 408–9, 466, 481n
marketing for unapproved treatments, 482
reliance on skewed Purdue studies, 409
dosages of, 417–18, 438, 445, 447, 452, 477, 487, 522 profit relationship to higher dosages, 417–18, 477, 487
expansion strategy for, 523
FDA and, 405, 408, 412, 415, 417–20, 438, 440, 442, 446–48, 451, 453–54, 456–57, 460, 463, 465–66, 468, 469, 471–72, 475, 481, 483, 488–89, 523 approval of unprecedented drug insert language, 420
FDA complaint against Purdue for marketing of 732n23
in Florida, 460, 461, 463, 469 failure to enforce settlement with Purdue, 461
generic versions of, 488–89
geriatrics and, 411
Giuliani and, 458–59, 461–62, 466, 471, 472, 475 secrecy of Purdue fees paid to, 459
heavy-prescriber physicians and, 410–11, 416, 452, 489
hillbilly heroin, 439, 466, 733n32 profits from, 439n
importance of IMS data, 410, 413n
illegal diversion of, 435–39, 441–46, 448–49, 451–62, 473, 480, 483–85
Justice Department and, 457, 470–74
in Kentucky, 435, 439, 449, 733n32
litigation on, 445, 483, 525–26, 530, 532–34
low risk of addiction claimed for, 408–10, 472, 473 studies cited for, 361–63, 409, 707n10, 708n25, 722n56
marketing of, 405–14, 438, 441–42, 445, 449, 451, 470, 472–75, 477, 480, 482, 483, 524
MST Continus predecessor of, 269, 339, 369, 375–76, 395, 397, 443
New York Times and, 438–43, 456–57, 457n, 461, 472 first mention of, 439
online promotion of, 412–13 misleading information in, 724n77
subsidized by Purdue, 412, 723n73
on-sale date of, 405, 413, 414, 415–16
opioid antagonist added to, 442, 448n
patent application for, 405 underlying patents assigned to foreign subsidiaries, 716n10
patent extension for, 481, 488–89
Physicians Television Network, 412
pill mills and, 451–52, 461, 483–84 Purdue paid commissions on sales to, 451–52
pseudoaddiction theory and, 419, 466, 479 inventor of theory hired by Purdue, 419
Purdue’s Consent Agreement on, 473, 477, 531n
Purdue’s Corporate Integrity Agreement on, 473, 481
Purdue’s criminal conduct judgment on (2007), 472–74, 477, 478, 480–82, 509, 531n
Purdue’s hiring of critics of, 459–60, 475
Richard Sackler prediction of success, 420
sales and profits of, 417, 420–21, 436, 441, 448–50, 451, 459, 462, 477, 478, 480–82, 487, 489, 492, 499, 523, 524, 529, 530 charges that Sackler family directors diverted profits to offshore tax havens, 526, 528, 760ni25
savings card for, 419, 480, 489
sustained-release action in, 252, 269, 405, 408, 415, 419–20, 439, 442, 446
tamper-resistant version of, 481–82, 488, 489, 522–23 erroneous belief by doctors in, 522–23
FDA approval of “tamper-resistant” label, 489
Purdue marketing of, 481, 745n32
treatment periods for, 418–19, 447, 448, 452, 487
veterans marketing strategy and, 411–12
Virginia investigation on, 443, 457–58, 463, 471–74
Walgreens and, 489–90
warnings on packaging for, 420, 446–48, 469, 475
in West Virginia, 439, 442, 445, 452, 457, 484, 733n32
see also opioid epidemic
package inserts, 35, 63, 184, 235, 244, 420, 423–24 see also labeling, drug
pain, 360–68 assessment of, 364–65
chronic, 360–68, 411
definition of, 360–61, 721n33
as fifth vital sign, 365, 367, 406, 708n23
management of, 361
patients’ communication about, 364–65
Purdue’s curriculums and seminars on, 405–6, 442, 460
Pain, 361, 363, 366
Pain Care Forum, 461
pain foundations, pharmaceutical company funding of, 405, 487–88, 710n37
Pain Killer (Meier), 457n
Pain Management: Theory and Practice (Portenoy and Kanner), 414
Pain Medicine, 480
pain relievers, 3, 147n, 440 analgesics in cold medicines, 181–82
in end-of-life care, 210–17, 218, 257, 269, 339, 363, 396, 408, 414
Global Day Against Pain and, 470
influence of Cicely Saunders in, 213–16
