The invention of miracle.., p.43
The Invention of Miracles, page 43
as institutional oppression of culturally deaf, 14
isolation of the deaf and, 246–47
Helen Keller and, 267–69, 283–87, 292–94, 305
language deprivation and, 189, 315–21, 328–29
as life mission of AGB, 3–5, 8–9, 15, 16, 190–93
limitations of, 185–89, 229–31, 237–38, 255–58, 287–89, 315–16
Listening and Spoken Language (LSL) education, 320–21
manualist methods vs., 55–56, 63, 74–75, 82, 164–65, 184–90, 227–37, 249–52
Milan Conference (1880) and, 227–33, 235, 236–37, 239, 241
nature of, 8–9
neuroplasticity and language acquisition, 188–89, 315–19
Perkins Institution for the Blind and, 47–50, 52, 55–56, 267–69
postlingual deafness and, 188–89, 190
prayer and, 50–52, 78
punishment for using sign language and, 8, 11, 328
rejection by deaf individuals, 74–75, 78, 233–36, 239, 257–58, 322–23
rejection by E. M. Gallaudet, 290–92
rejection of ASL and, 3–4, 5–6, 8–9, 11, 189, 305–6, 315–16, 320, 323–25, 328
resistance by the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 48, 52, 55, 83
speaking and lip-reading in, 53, 54, 56–57, 83, 285–86, 293
speaking skills vs. knowledge and, 53–56, 63–64, 80, 90, 186–87, 229–31, 255–58, 262
William Turner objections to, 39–40, 43–45, 48, 52
see also Visible Speech/universal phonetic alphabet
Orton, William, 111
Pan-Electric, 254–55, 256, 265, 273–74
patents/patent disputes: AGB granted telephone patent, 150, 273–74
AGB telephone patent application and defense, 147–53, 167, 195, 201–3, 207, 254–56, 265, 273–74
AGB/Watson harmonic/multiple telegraph, 105, 109–11, 145
AGB/Watson magneto generator in telephone, 127–28, 133, 146–47, 150–52, 160
AGB/Watson notes on experiments, 105, 131, 151
American Speaking Telephone Company and, 194–95, 197, 203–4
Bell Telephone Company and, 194–97, 199–209, 265
caveats and, 128, 147–51, 198–99, 265, 273–74
Gray harmonic/multiple telegraph, 109, 111, 140
Gray telephone patent application, 149–50, 273–74
interferences and, 109, 148–50, 196–97
Pan-Electric and, 254–55, 256, 265, 273–74
telephone patent granted to AGB (1876), 150, 273–74
Western Union and, 194–95, 196, 203–4, 208, 209
Zenas Wilber and, 147–50, 255, 273
Dom Pedro, emperor of Brazil, 159–61
Perkins Institution for the Blind, 47–50, 52, 55–56, 267–69 Laura Bridgman and, 48–50, 56, 229, 268, 283–85, 286
Helen Keller and, 283–86, 293
Philadelphia Centennial (1876), 154–63 AGB demonstrates telephone at the, 156–63, 164
Elisha Gray at the, 156–63
Visible Speech/universal phonetic alphabet at the, 156, 160
Philadelphia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 154
phonautograph: AGB experiments with, 93–96, 115
manometric capsule and, 91–92, 93, 115
at MIT, 90–91
Pollok, Anthony, 148
power dynamics: in AGB teaching, 119, 129, 133, 182–84, 272–73, 308–9, 329–30
empowerment of deaf people with signed language, 249–52, 305–6, 307, 324–26, see also American Sign Language (ASL); combinist methods; finger spelling/manual alphabet; signed language
in eugenics, see eugenics movement
human voice/speech of the deaf and, 14, 15–16, 23, 25, 34, 64, 77, 186, 229–30
legal rights of deaf individuals and, 3–4, 5–6, 12–13, 318, 326–27
P.T. Barnum’s American Museum, 35–36
Punch, 181
Pygmalion/My Fair Lady (Shaw), 23
racial prejudice, 77
Radcliffe College, 294
Rarus, Tim, 326
Reis, Johann Philipp, 203
Renwick, Henry B., 204
Rita (great-aunt of the author): ASL dictionary and, 324, 325
ASL use and, 323–25
at the Clarke School for the Deaf, 11, 14–15, 323–25
Don (husband) and, 324–25
Robinson, Octavian E., 322
Rogers, Harriet, 232
Rogers, William A., 167
Rowland, Henry, 217
Sacks, Oliver, 326
Sanders, George: as AGB student, 88, 95, 99, 112, 236, 237–38, 242, 258
death of grandmother, 275–76
failure of oralist methods for, 236, 237–38, 242, 258
at the Kendall School, 237–38
marries Lucy Swett, 275–77, 282
at the National Deaf-Mute College, 258
talking glove and, 95
Sanders, Mrs. (grandmother of George): as AGB landlady in Salem, 88, 95–96, 106, 125–26, 144–45, 275, 276
death of, 275–76
Sanders, Thomas: as AGB investor, 99, 104–6, 112, 201
and Bell Telephone Company, 173, 195, 201, 204
National Geographic Society and, 273
Science magazine, 240, 274, 285
Sesame Street (TV program), 325
Seymour, Professor, 81–82
Shaw, George Bernard, 23
Sicard, Roch-Ambroise Cucurron, 40–41
signed language: babies and, 322–23
British Sign Language, 28
French Sign Language, 41–42
indigenous forms of, 41, 42, 250, 254, 315, 322–23
see also American Sign Language (ASL); combinist methods; finger spelling/manual alphabet; manualist methods
Smith, Chauncey, 200–201, 202–4, 208
Smith, James L., 303
Smithdas, Robert, 303
Smithsonian Institution, 110
Somersetshire College, Bath, England, 60–61
Somerville, Mary, 132
Spilman, Jane, 326
spiritualism, 65, 66–67, 131–32, 146, 166–67
Storrow, James, 201, 202–3, 208, 265
Story of My Life, The (Keller), 294, 300, 307
Stratton, Charles (Tom Thumb), 35–36, 38
Sullivan, Anne, 267–70, 283–85, 292–93, 298
Swett, Lucy, 275–77, 282
Tainter, Charles Sumner, 213, 214–20
Tarra, Giulio, 228
teaching by AGB: and the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD), 212, 286, 291, 293, 320–21
at the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 83
anatomy of speech and, 20–21, 29–30, 112–14
ASL and, 5–6, 10–11, 14
at the Boston School for Deaf-Mutes, 76–82, 90, 159
at Boston University, 90, 134
detachment from human element in, 291–92, 300–301
of elocution and music, 31, 58–65, 67–68, 70–71
at the Greenock, Scotland school, 182–84, 190–93
of Mabel Hubbard (Bell), 85, 87–88, 92–93, 96–98, 112–14, 182, 308–9
of Susanna Hull’s deaf students, 61, 62–65
model school in Washington, DC, 239–43, 253–54, 255–59, 326
National Deaf-Mute College and, 200
oralist methods as life mission in, 3–5, 8–9, 15, 16, 190–93, 196, see also oralist methods
power dynamics and, 119, 129, 133, 182–84, 272–73, 308–9, 329–30
of George Sanders, 88, 95, 99, 112, 236, 237–38, 242, 258
at Somersetshire College, Bath, England, 60–61
of “speech” to the family dog, Trouve, 61–62
of Visible Speech, see Visible Speech/universal phonetic alphabet
at the Weston House Academy, Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland, 31, 58–59, 60
telegraph, 85–87 AGB/Watson harmonic/multiple telegraph, 99–111, 115–17, 134–35, 139, 140, 145–46, 160, 166, 169
Elisha Gray’s harmonic/multiple telegraph, 105, 109, 111, 128, 139–41, 156–63, 194, 207
Hubbard Bill and, 86, 100–101, 111
sympathetic vibrations and, 99–101, 104, 105
telephone vs., 93–94, 116–17, 162–63, 167–68, 170, 209
transatlantic, 157
Wheatstone and, 20, 86
telephone: AGB demonstration at the Philadelphia Centennial (1876), 156–63, 164
AGB demonstration at wedding, 174
AGB demonstration for Queen Victoria, 178–80, 195
AGB granted patent for, 150, 273–74
AGB idea for, 108–9, 110, 115–17, 274
AGB inaugurates world’s first telephone line in Massachusetts, 172
AGB invention of, 12, 15, 190, 209
AGB lectures on, 168–71, 175, 178, 206
AGB/Watson development and testing of, 117, 118, 121, 127–28, 144–53, 156–63, 165–72, 199–203
distanced two-way conversations and, 165–72
Elisha Gray’s prototype, 141, 147–50, 156–63, 195, 198–200, 203, 206–8, 273–74
“invention” by Elisha Gray, 198–99, 200, 203
magneto generator in, 127–28, 133, 150–52, 160
Antonio Meucci model, 265, 274
origins of, 93
patents/patent disputes and, 146–53, 194–209, 254–55, 256, 265
satires of, 181
telegraph vs., 93–94, 116–17, 162–63, 167–68, 170, 209
TTY device and, 2, 325
ubiquity of, 173, 175, 180–81, 209
Zenas Wilber as patent examiner, 147–50, 255, 273
see also Bell Telephone Company
Tenney, Asa, 48–49
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 157, 159–61
Tom Thumb (Charles Stratton), 35–36, 38
“total communication method,” 325
True, Mary: as friend of Mabel Hubbard (Bell), 142, 144
as teacher of Mabel Hubbard (Bell), 53–54, 56–57, 79–80, 84–85, 87–88, 258, 307–8
Visible Speech and, 79–80, 84–85, 87–88
Truth, Sojourner, 132
TTY (text-based telephone device), 2, 325
Turner, William, 39–40, 43–45, 48, 52
University of London, 59–60
University of Rochester, 317
US Postal Office, 86
US Postal Telegraph Company, 86–87, 100, 111
Veditz, George, 301–2, 305–6, 320
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, 132–33, 178–80, 195
Visible Speech (A. M. Bell), 61, 186
Visible Speech/universal phonetic alphabet: AGB learns, 32
AGB lectures on, 90, 92–93, 134
AGB teaching of, 58–59, 61, 62–65, 76–83, 84–85, 133–35, 141, 152, 212, 237–38, 239
at the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, 83
at the Boston School for Deaf-Mutes, 73–74, 75–82, 90, 159, 212
challenges of using, 164–65
at the Clarke School for the Deaf, 83, 85, 164–65, 187
decline in popularity, 184–85
demand for, 143
demonstrations of, 32–34, 81–83
described, 25, 32–34, 78–79
development of, 19–20, 23–26, 32–34, 59, 68
at the Greenock, Scotland school, 182–84, 190–93
Mabel Hubbard (Bell) as student of, 85, 87–88, 92–93, 96–98, 112–14, 182, 308–9
Helen Keller and, 283–87
manualist methods vs., 164–65, 184–90
model school in Washington, DC, 239–43, 253–54, 255–59, 326
at the Philadelphia Centennial (1876), 156, 160
George Sanders as student of, 88, 95, 99, 112, 236, 237–38, 242, 258
Mary True teaching of, 79–80, 84–85, 87–88
Volta Bureau, 286, 294
Volta Lab, Washington, DC, 213, 214–19, 220, 275, 286
Volta Prize (1880), 210, 227, 286
Waite, Morrison, 247
Walworth Manufacturing Company, 165
Ward, Julia, 47
Warren, Lavinia, 35–36, 38
Washington Post, 252
Watson, Thomas: AGB collaboration with, 104, 106–11, 112, 114–18, 145–53, 163–72, 194, 197, 199–203, 205, 209
AGB first meets, 102–4
and Bell Telephone Company, 173, 194, 197, 199–200, 204–5
described, 194
and Fore River Ship and Engine Building Company, 204–5
Western Electric, 157
Western Union Telegraph Company: AGB/Watson harmonic/multiple telegraph and, 110–11
American Speaking Telephone Company and, 194–96, 197, 203–4
Gray’s harmonic/multiple telegraph and, 111, 140
Gardiner Hubbard and, 85–87, 100, 111
patents/patent disputes and, 194–96, 197, 203–4, 208, 209
Weston House Academy, Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland, 31, 58–59, 60
Wheatstone, Charles, 20, 23, 25, 29, 86
Wilber, Zenas, 147–50, 255, 273
Williams, Charles (electrical shop, Boston), 102–11, 146, 163, 167, 172, 201–3, 213, 220
women’s rights, 132–33, 307
Woodhull, Victoria, 132
World’s Congress of the Deaf (1893), 296
Wright brothers, 107
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Booth, Katie (Writing instructor), author.
Title: The invention of miracles : language, power, and Alexander Graham
Bell’s quest to end deafness / Katie Booth.
Description: New York : Simon & Schuster, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020040764 (print) | LCCN 2020040765 (ebook) | ISBN
9781501167096 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781501167102 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Bell, Alexander Graham, 1847-1922. | Deaf—Means of communication—United States—History. | Speech—Study and teaching—United States—History. | Deaf—Education—United
States—History.
Classification: LCC HV2426.B39 B66 2021 (print) | LCC HV2426.B39 (ebook) | DDC 362.4/283—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040764
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020040765
ISBN 978-1-5011-6709-6
ISBN 978-1-5011-6710-2 (ebook)
Katie Booth, The Invention of Miracles
