Psilocybin mushroom hand.., p.19
Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook, page 19
I
impulse sealers
incubation
after scratching
in agar methods
in outdoor cultivation
in PF Tek
of grain jars
of larger containers
inoculation loops
inoculation methods
for grain
for outdoor cultivation
for spawn bags
isolation
isopropyl alcohol
J
jars. See grain jars; mason jars
K
Kingdom Fungi, definition of
L
life cycle of mushrooms, stages of
colonization
expansion
fruiting
germination
isolation
pinning
sexual reproduction
See also colonization; fruiting; germination; isolation; sexual reproduction
lights in fruiting phase
lignicolous species. See wood-loving Psilocybe species
lignin
lime. See calcium carbonate
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaeus, Carolus
M
malt extract
malt yeast agar medium, making
manure as substrate
mason jars
lids for
mating types
McKenna, Dennis See also Oss, O.T.
McKenna, Terence See also Oeric, O.N.
measuring cups and spoons
media. See agar medium; paper pellet storage medium; substrates
media flasks
methods of ingestion See also potency; safety of use
minitorches
misidentification of mushrooms
misting
after scratching
during fruiting
during harvesting
in PF Tek
See also watering in outdoor substrates
molds. See contaminants, mold
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
monokaryotic mycelium
mushrooms
biology of
bioluminescent
chemistry of
classification of
definition of
digestive system of
edible
foraging for
identifying
ingestion methods
life cycle See also life cycle of mushrooms, stages of
misidentification of
parts of
potency of
preparation for use
preserving
sexual reproduction of
See also primordia; spores; individual species
MYA medium. See malt yeast agar (MYA) medium
mycelial mass
mycelium
cutting out
definition of
dikaryotic
in jars
in subculturing
monokaryotic
on cardboard
on wood chips
overlay in
parent
P. azurescens
transferring See also transfers
See also germination, spore; hyphae; primordia
mycorrhizal fungi
O
Oeric, O.N.
Oss, O .T.
outdoor cultivation
advantages of
and fruiting
and harvesting
“capping” in
choosing location for
climates for See also temperatures for outdoor cultivation
colonization in
dormant period for
germination and
preparing for
restoring depleted beds
starting a new bed
transferring spawn to
oven bags
overlay
oyster mushrooms
P
Panellus stipticus
paper pellet cat litter
paper pellet storage medium
paper pellet storage tubes
parafilm
parasitic fungi
partial veil
cortinate
See also annulus
pasteurization
of casing soil
peat moss
perlite
peroxidases
Petri dishes
alternatives to
care of
resterilizing
PF Tek
basic method of
“cakes” in
colonization
drawbacks of
for wood-loving species
fruiting
harvesting in
improvements to
inoculation
introduction of
making spore syringes for
pileus, definition of
pinning
pipettes
Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom)
Pollock, Dr. Steven H.
potency
and dosage levels
and methods of ingestion
comparison between species
of P. azurescens
of P. cyanescens
preserving mushrooms
pressure cookers
alternatives to
loading
primary spawn
making
primordia
damaged in harvesting
See also fruiting
psilocin
Psilocybe azurescens
Psilocybe bohemica
Psilocybe cubensis
as beginner mushroom
casing soils for
description of
habitat of
humidity levels for
fruiting
primordia
substrates for
Psilocybe cyanescens, (“wavy caps”)
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa
Psilocybe Fanaticus
Psilocybe Fanaticus Technique. See PF Tek
Psilocybe serbica
Psilocybe stunzii (Blue Ringers)
Psilocybe subaeruginosa
Psilocybe tasmaniana
psilocybin
Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower’s Guide
R
record keeping
rhizomorphs
S
safety of use
and dosage levels
monoamine oxidase inhibitors and
saprophytes
sawdust
fuel pellets
scalpels
scratching
secondary spawn
making
sectoring
selectivity
senescence, strain
septa
sexual reproduction of mushrooms
and spore prints
sharpies
Sinden, James W.
spawn
definition of
grain
primary
secondary
spawn bags
contaminated
inoculating
loading and cooking
moisture problems in
spawn rates
species, definition of See also individual species
spore germination
on agar
on cardboard discs
spore prints
making
obtaining
starting from
spores
definition of
discharge of
obtaining
starting on agar
spore streaking
spore syringes
in outdoor cultivation
making
Stamets, Paul
sterigma
definition of
role in spore discharge
sterile culture technique
sterilization techniques
and flow hoods
and glove boxes
and outdoor cultivation
history of
water bath
stipe, definition of
storage
long-term strain
of mushrooms
of primary spawn
of secondary spawn
of spore prints
of spore syringes
retrieving cultures from
storage tubes
inoculating
malt yeast extract
paper pellet
Stropharia rugosoannulata (wine-cap stropharia)
subculturing. See agar-to-agar transfers
substrates
comparison of
definition of
depth in fruiting containers
fruiting
grain For specific grains, see grain substrates
manure
mixing
vermiculite in
wood
supplies
surgical gloves
syringes See also spore syringes.
T
tea, making mushroom
temperature
and fruiting
and humidity
and overlay
during incubation
for outdoor cultivation
for storage
increase from mycelium
winter dormancy and
threshold dose
tissue transfers (cloning)
cardboard method of
in outdoor cultivation
versus sexual reproduction
tolerance
toxicity of Psilocybe mushrooms
transfers
agar-to-agar
agar-to-grain
from storage
grain-to-grain
grain-to-wood
minimizing
naturalized spawn
See also tissue tranfers
Trichoderma viride
tryptamines
Tyvek
U
usage
dosages for
effects of
preparation for
safety of
V
vermiculite
as casing layer
in substrates
role of
safety with
W
Wasson, R. Gordon
water bath sterilization
water crystals
watering in outdoor substratesSee also misting
water source
wavy caps mushrooms. See Psilocybe cyanescens
Wayne, Rush
wine cap stropharia mushrooms
winter dormancy
wood-based primary spawn. See primary spawn
wood chips
as substrate
choice of
colonized
resistance to contamination in
wood-loving Psilocybe species See also individual species indoor cultivation of
workspace, preparing
Y
yeast extract
1 Wacky, indeed: we have seen photographs of P. cubensis growing from both U.S. paper currency and a copy of the King James Bible.
2 We were greatly assisted in the writing of this chapter by the article “Mushroom Cultivation, From Falconer to Fanaticus and Beyond,” by Yachaj, from the Winter 2001 issue of Entheogen Review (pp. 127-139). This excellent article covers the history of Psilocybe mushroom cultivation in far greater detail than we do here, and is well worth a look.
3 In Asia, the science of mushroom cultivation was considerably more advanced. The shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) had been propagated for more than a thousand years by placing freshly cut logs beside trees bearing mushrooms, a crude but effective “inoculation” method. 3 Wild-collected “spawn transfer” methods of this kind are quite effective if the substrate is itself naturally resistant to contamination. See chapter 13 for details on how it can be used to create new beds of wood loving Psilocybes.
4 Gartz, Jochen, 1996. Magic Mushrooms Around the World. LIS Publications.
5 It also spawned a whole new industry: since the spores themselves contain no psilocybin, they are not strictly illegal to possess or sell. A number of entrepreneurs, Mr. Fanaticus among them, have made a good living in the intervening years selling prepared spore-water syringes.
6 Wayne even describes several methods that avoid the need for a pressure cooker altogether, but we have found full sterilization of agar and grain media before the addition of peroxide to be much more reliable in practice.
7 In truth, they cannot be avoided. Fungi are everywhere: in the air you breathe, on your shower curtain, in the soil beneath your feet, even on your feet. Don’t worry, though: 99.99999% of them are harmless to you, and most are quite helpful or even essential. If you knew all that they did to keep the planet functioning properly, you’d be grateful for their presence.
8 While all fungi reproduce, not all fungi produce mushrooms.“Mushroom” is the term we apply to the reproductive structures of fungi when they are more or less large enough to see individually with the naked eye.
9 Mushrooms can, however, be grown in your garden. See chapter 13 for details.
10 Until recently, the definition of “biological similarity” was a subject of much debate. The advent of DNA sequencing technology, however, has eliminated most of this ambiguity and forced the reclassification of many species that were once thought more closely related than they actually are.
11 Or six or seven, depending upon whether and how you subdivide the bacterial kingdom.
12 Convention dictates that species binomials are always italicized. In addition, the genus is commonly abbreviated to its first letter followed by a period, particularly when the context makes it clear what name is otherwise implied.
13 Strictly speaking, not all Basidiomycetes act or look quite this way, but all of those we are interested in here, all those of the genus Psilocybe, do.
14 The term “catapult” downplays the actual violence of this miraculous event. The momentum generated by the collapsing droplet is sufficient to give the flying spore an acceleration of 25,000 times the force of gravity. For comparison, the Space Shuttle maxes out somewhere around 2 Gs.
15 Along with a whole host of other spores from other fungi who had the same bright idea and are just as pleased to be there too. But theirs is a story for another day.
16 Such fungi cannot live in the absence of their host. Many delicious edible fungi (truffles and chanterelles, for example) grow only in relationship with specific trees. Mycorrhizal fungi have so far resisted all attempts at cultivation, and can only be collected from the wild, which is why they demand such high prices.
17 As far as we know nobody has yet done a study to determine exactly how many mating types there are for P. cubensis, but the numbers are at least in the hundreds. There’s a perfect research project for you to undertake once you finish this book and decide to pursue a PhD in mycology.
18 Meaning it has two sets of chromosomes, a full complement of genetic material.
19 This is the reason that mushrooms can seem to spring up overnight from a lawn after rains.
20 Think of these methods as a “sterile culture arsenal.” You don’t need to use each and every one of these methods to succeed, but the more you adopt, the greater your chances will be.
21 This is particularly common when cloning P. cubensis. Some species of mushrooms can in fact contain more than one strain within a single fruit, and are considered “genetic mosaics”. Cloning a mosaic could result in a number of strains of varying characters from a single parent. To our knowledge, no one has yet demonstrated that P. cubensis displays such genetic mosaicism, but our experience suggests it is likely, and worth further investiga-
22 Once again, we have Rush Wayne to thank for this trick, as described in Growing Mushrooms the Easy Way, Volume II.
23 J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 1261-1263.
24 Thanks to Paul Stamets’ most recent book Mycelium Running for this tip.
25 Here’s a single bit of anecdotal evidence for this idea: we once dumped a contaminated jar of P. cubensis spawn into our worm composting bin, and all of the worms were dead within a few weeks. Coincidence? You decide. We got a new batch of worms, and, for their sake, did not repeat the experiment.
26 The number of connections between neurons in the human brain is greater than the number of atoms in the known universe.
27 See the resources section of the appendix for recommended sources. The online drug information site Erowid (www.erowid.org) has compiled an extensive collection of “trip reports” and is an excellent place to begin. For a more select collection of first-hand accounts, we highly recommend the book Teonanácatl: Sacred Mushroom of Visions, edited by Ralph Metzner.
28 Beyond this dose level, we strongly suggest avoiding situations that might bring you in contact with unwitting strangers, for their sake as much as your own.
29 Grocery and health food stores with a good selection of fresh mushrooms are excellent places to forage for new species and strains to cultivate.
30 Optional, added after sterilization & cooling.
31 A 10% bleach/water solution is a mixture of 1 part regular-strength bleach with 9 parts water.
Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook
Copyright © 2006 Lux Natura
eISBN : 978-0-932-55133-7
Library of Congress information available.
S.
The material offered in this book is presented as information that should be available to the public. The Publisher does not advocate breaking the law. However, we urge readers to support the secure passage of fair and sane drug legislation.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission of the Publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
L G Nicholas, Psilocybin Mushroom Handbook
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