The big freeze, p.46
The Big Freeze, page 46
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don’t appear to increase: American Society for Reproductive Medicine, “Fertility Drugs and Cancer: A Guideline,” Fertility and Sterility 106, no. 7 (2016): 1617–1626, doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.035.
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may increase a woman’s risk of cancer: Aus Tariq Ali, “Fertility Drugs and Ovarian Cancer,” Current Cancer Drug Targets 18, no. 6 (2018): 567–576, doi.org/10.2174/1568009617666170620102049.
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an episode on Reveal: Emily Harger and Olivia Merrion, “Is Egg Donation Safe?,” Reveal, June 1, 2017, revealnews.org/article/is-egg-donation-safe/.
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Jessica said: Jane E. Brody, “Do Egg Donors Face Long-Term Risks?,” New York Times, July 10, 2017, nytimes.com/2017/07/10/well/live/are-there-long-term-risks-to-egg-donors.html.
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no history of: Center for Bioethics and Culture Network, “Egg Donor Registry Needed,” November 3, 2008, cbc-network.org/2008/11/egg-donor-registry-needed/.
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a multimillion-dollar and poorly regulated industry: Paris Martineau, “Inside the Quietly Lucrative Business of Donating Human Eggs,” Wired, April 23, 2019, wired.com/story/inside-lucrative-business-donating-human-eggs/.
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closest statistic I could find: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “2020 Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Clinic and National Summary Report,” 2022, cdc.gov/art/reports/2020/pdf/Report-ART-Fertility-Clinic-National-Summary-H.pdf.
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it’s impossible to: Jennifer Schneider, Jennifer Lahl, and Wendy Kramer, “Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk Following Ovarian Stimulation in Young Egg Donors: A Call for Follow-Up, Research and Informed Consent,” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 34, no. 5 (2017): 480–485, doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.02.003.
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“Better understanding”: Harger and Merrion, “Is Egg Donation Safe?”
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informed consent: Schneider et al., “Long-Term Breast Cancer Risk Following Ovarian Stimulation in Young Egg Donors.”
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“I specifically remember”: Reema Khrais and Alice Wilder, “The Price of Eggs,” This Is Uncomfortable (podcast), produced by Marketplace, May 18, 2023, marketplace.org/shows/this-is-uncomfortable-reema-khrais/the-price-of-eggs/.
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“We have no idea”: Maya Dusenbery, “What We Don’t Know About I.V.F.,” New York Times, April 16, 2020, nytimes.com/2020/04/16/parenting/fertility/ivf-long-term-effects.html.
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Chapter 11
rose nearly 60 percent: This figure is for frozen embryos created using a patient’s own frozen eggs (either they previously froze embryos or they created embryos using their previously frozen eggs), not frozen embryos using donor eggs. The point being, women are increasingly choosing to freeze embryos (using their own eggs with either donor sperm or their partner’s sperm) over just freezing eggs. See Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, “Final National Summary Report for 2020,” 2020, sartcorsonline.com/CSR/PublicSnapshotReport?ClinicPKID=0&reportingYear=2020.
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“Freezing my eggs”: Sarah Elizabeth Richards, Motherhood, Rescheduled: The New Frontier of Egg Freezing and the Women Who Tried It (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 59.
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spent $50,000: Sarah Elizabeth Richards, “Why I Froze My Eggs (And You Should, Too),” Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2013, wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323628004578458882165244260.
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Chapter 12
six more years: Sarah Zhang, “A Woman Gave Birth from an Embryo Frozen for 24 Years,” The Atlantic, November 25, 2017, theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/frozen-embryo-ivf-24-years/548876/.
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longest-frozen embryos: Frozen in 1992, the embryos were in the care of the National Embryo Donation Center and had been created for an anonymous married couple using IVF. Elise Solé, “Oregon Parents Welcome Twins from Donated Embryos Frozen 30 Years Ago,” NBC News, November 22, 2022, nbcnews.com/news/us-news/oregon-parents-welcome-twins-donated-embryos-frozen-30-years-ago-rcna58442.
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“These investments materialize”: Lucy van de Wiel, Freezing Fertility: Oocyte Cryopreservation and the Gender Politics of Aging (New York: New York University Press, 2020), 96.
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“We’ve had ten oocyte thaw cycles”: Margaret Ryan, vice president of Communications at Kindbody, email messages to the author, April 18, 2022, and October 10, 2023.
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“credits private equity”: Anna Louie Sussman, “The Promise and Perils of the New Fertility Entrepreneurs,” New Yorker, May 19, 2021, newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-promise-and-perils-of-the-new-fertility-entrepreneurs.
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“volume-driven”: Sussman, “The Promise and Perils of the New Fertility Entrepreneurs.”
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Studies in: Kiri Beilby, Ingrid Dudink, Deanna Kablar, Megan Kaynak, Sanduni Rodrigo, and Karin Hammarberg, “The Quality of Information About Elective Oocyte Cryopreservation (EOC) on Australian Fertility Clinic Websites,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 60, no. 4 (2020): 605–609, doi.org/10.1111/ajo.13174; Zeynep B. Gürtin and Emily Tiemann, “The Marketing of Elective Egg Freezing: A Content, Cost and Quality Analysis of UK Fertility Clinic Websites,” Reproductive Biomedicine and Society Online 12 (2020): 56–68, doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2020.10.004.
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more persuasive: Christopher Barbey, “Evidence of Biased Advertising in the Case of Social Egg Freezing,” New Bioethics 23, no. 3 (2017): 195–209, doi.org/10.1080/20502877.2017.1396033.
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fudge the numbers: Jessica Hamzelou, “Fertility Clinics Are Fudging IVF Stats to Look More Successful,” New Scientist, November 29, 2017, newscientist.com/article/mg23631542-700-fertility-clinics-are-fudging-ivf-stats-to-look-more-successful/.
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a form of self-care: Rebecca Grant, “How Egg Freezing Got Rebranded as the Ultimate Act of Self-Care,” The Guardian, September 30, 2020, theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/30/egg-freezing-self-care-pregnancy-fertility.
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“Beneath the firm’s Instagrammable aesthetic”: Jackie Davalos, “Embryo Errors, Flooded Clinics: Kindbody and IVF’s Risky Business,” Bloomberg, October 13, 2023, bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-13/kindbody-fertility-clinic-embryo-mix-ups-spotlight-ivf-business-risks.
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“Kindbody’s challenges”: Davalos, “Embryo Errors, Flooded Clinics.”
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“Data suggest that”: Michelle J. Bayefsky, Alan H. DeCherney, and Louise P. King, “Respecting Autonomy—A Call for Truth in Commercial Advertising for Planned Oocyte Cryopreservation,” Fertility and Sterility 113, no. 4 (2020): 743–744, doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.12.039.
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“If a woman younger”: Bayefsky et al.,” Respecting Autonomy.”
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aggressive form of: Specifically, triple-negative invasive ductal carcinoma. The “triple-negative” meant her cancer wasn’t driven by estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, a gene that makes a protein found on the surface of all breast cells).
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Chapter 13
Portions of this chapter, including data from the survey conducted by FertilityIQ, were previously published in The New York Times Magazine on December 11, 2019, under the title “The Unexpected Freedom That Comes with Freezing Your Eggs.”
60 percent reported: B. Hodes-Wertz, S. Druckenmiller, M. Smith, Y. G. Kramer, and N. Noyes, “Beating Biology and Buying Time: An Update Survey of Womens’ Experiences After Oocyte Cryopreservation (OC) for Deferred Reproduction,” Fertility and Sterility 106, no. 3 (2016): e61–e62, doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1079.
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91 percent: Benjamin P. Jones, Lorraine Kasaven, Ariadne L’Heveder, Maria Jalmbrant, Joy Green, Mahmoud Makki, Rabi Odia, et al., “Perceptions, Outcomes, and Regret Following Social Egg Freezing in the UK; A Cross-Sectional Survey,” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 99, no. 3 (2020): 324–332, doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13763.
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Twenty percent: Jones et al., “Perceptions, Outcomes, and Regret Following Social Egg Freezing in the UK.”
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egg freezing helps women: Eliza Brown and Mary Patrick, “Time, Anticipation, and the Life Course: Egg Freezing as Temporarily Disentangling Romance and Reproduction,” American Sociological Review 83, no. 5 (2018): 959–982, doi.org/10.1177/0003122418796807.
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“hoped to bracket”: Brown and Patrick, “Time, Anticipation, and the Life Course.”
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“has created a new drive”: Peggy Orenstein, Don’t Call Me Princess: Essays on Girls, Women, Sex, and Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), 188.
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“Two recessions before”: Hillary Hoffower and Andy Kiersz, “Millennials Make More Money than Any Other Generation Did at Their Age, but Are Way Less Wealthy. The Affordability Crisis Is to Blame,” Insider, September 22, 2021, businessinsider.com/millennials-highest-earning-generation-less-wealthy-boomers-2021-9.
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unlikely to ever have children: Pew Research Center, “Growing Share of Childless Adults in U.S. Don’t Expect to Ever Have Children,” 2021, pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/11/19/growing-share-of-childless-adults-in-u-s-dont-expect-to-ever-have-children/.
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Why are young adults: Claire Cain Miller, “Americans Are Having Fewer Babies. They Told Us Why,” New York Times, July 5, 2018, nytimes.com/2018/07/05/upshot/americans-are-having-fewer-babies-they-told-us-why.html.
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Their reasons: Miller, “Americans Are Having Fewer Babies.”
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climate change affects their decision: Catherine Clifford, “53% of Parents Say Climate Change Affects Their Decision to Have More Kids,” CNBC, cnbc.com/2023/06/20/climate-change-affects-53percent-of-parents-decision-to-have-more-kids.html.
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adjusted their family planning: Danielle McNally, “Women Are Deciding to Have Fewer Children, and Global Warming Is to Blame,” Marie Claire, February 7, 2022, marieclaire.com/politics/climate-change-fertility-modern-fertility-survey/.
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“Around the world”: Anna Louie Sussman, “The End of Babies,” New York Times, November 16, 2019, nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/opinion/sunday/capitalism-children.html.
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“our workweeks”: Sussman, “The End of Babies.”
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brutal: See, for example, Claire Cain Miller, “The Relentlessness of Modern Parenting,” New York Times, December 25, 2018, nytimes.com/2018/12/25/upshot/the-relentlessness-of-modern-parenting.html.
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most educated generations: Pew Research Center, “Millennial Life: How Young Adulthood Today Compares with Prior Generations,” 2019, pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/02/14/millennial-life-how-young-adulthood-today-compares-with-prior-generations-2/.
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don’t have biological children: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2015–2019,” 2023, cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr179.pdf.
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decades-long trend: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15–49 in the United States.” Delayed childbearing, the report also notes, increased ninefold between 1972 and 2012.
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“When I was much younger”: Jan Moir, “The Rules Every Woman Should Live By: She’s One of the World’s Most Celebrated (and Colorful) Feminists. At 81, Gloria Steinem Reveals What She’s Learned,” Daily Mail, March 16, 2016, dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-3468553/The-rules-women-live-s-one-world-s-celebrated-colourful-feminists-81-Gloria-Steinem-reveals-s-learned.html.
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Chapter 14
Portions of this chapter were previously published in The Guardian on May 13, 2018, under the title “Their Embryos Were Destroyed. Now They Mourn the Children They’ll Never Have.”
Facts about the Ohio and California tank failures were gathered from the author’s own reporting, legal documents, news reports, state health department findings, and documentation that affected patients received from University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Pacific Fertility.
“After the March 2018 mishap”: Nicholas Iovino, “Tank Manufacturer Accuses Fertility Clinic of Falsifying Data in Frozen Eggs Trial,” Courthouse News Service, May 27, 2021, courthousenews.com/tank-manufacturer-accuses-fertility-clinic-of-falsifying-data-in-frozen-eggs-trial/.
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One recent example: Neil Vigdor, “ ‘We Had Their Baby, and They Had Our Baby’: Couple Sues over Embryo ‘Mix-Up,’ ” New York Times, November 9, 2021, nytimes.com/2021/11/09/us/fertility-clinic-embryo-mixup.html.
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at least nine: Anar Murphy, Sindhu Gollapudi, and Michael G. Collins, “Legal Case Study of Severe IVF Incidents Worldwide: Causes, Consequences, and High Emotional, Financial, and Reputational Costs to Patients and Providers,” North American Proceedings in Gynecology & Obstetrics 2, no.1 (2022): 22, doi.org/10.54053/001c.37563.
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nearly 30 percent: “FertilityIQ Protocol: How to Pick a Fertility Doctor,” FertilityIQ, accessed February 3, 2023, fertilityiq.com/topics/ivf/fertilityiq-protocol-how-to-pick-a-fertility-doctor.
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misdiagnosed, mislabeled, or mishandled: Dov Fox, “What Happens When Reproductive Tech Like IVF Goes Awry?” Wired, July 17, 2019, wired.com/story/when-ivf-goes-awry.
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restrict federal funding: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Fetal Research and Applications: A Conference Summary (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 1994), doi.org/10.17226/4797.
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states are left to: Kirstin R. W. Matthews and Daniel Morali, “Can We Do That Here? An Analysis of US Federal and State Policies Guiding Human Embryo and Embryoid Research,” Journal of Law and the Biosciences 9, no. 1 (2022): 124, doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsac014.
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complex patchwork: I. Glenn Cohen, “The Right(s) to Procreate and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the United States” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Health Law, ed. Tamara K. Hervey and David Orentlicher (Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2021), 1009.
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