A lamp for the dark worl.., p.53
A Lamp for the Dark World, page 53
battle of Sarnal, 141–44, 148–50, 154, 224, 329n28
battle of Sirhind, 45, 49, 51–52, 54
battle of Tukaroi, 177, 198
Bayazid Biyat, 83, 92–93, 296, 316n57, 339n22
Baz Bahadur, Sultan, xiii, 82–83, 96, 103, 138, 318n4, 320n1, 327n57
Bega Begum. See Haji Begum
Bengal, x, xiv, 8, 41, 61, 106–7, 110, 138–39, 153, 159–60, 162–63, 168, 171, 198–200, 203, 244, 247, 268, 275, 279, 286, 291, 334n15, 338n10
Bengal rebellion, xi, xii, 122, 195, 202, 205–9, 212–13, 217–19, 222–23, 227, 229, 231, 233, 236, 245, 250–51, 254, 257–58, 266, 273, 338n8, 339n28
Beveridge, Annette, 7–8, 197, 307n19, 307n22, 323n60
Beveridge, Henry, 69, 92, 275, 317n78, 329n25, 335n29, 350n68, 352n28, 355n12
Bhagwant Das, ix, xiv, 89–90, 127, 141–42, 147–48, 150–51, 180, 182, 237, 241, 253–54, 256, 289; and expedition to Kashmir, 247–48, 251, 253
Bharmal. See Bihari Mal
Bibi Gunwar, 6
Bihar, x, 1, 61, 96, 106–7, 110, 159–60, 178, 199–200, 205, 218, 277, 322n31
Bihari Mal, viii, 59–60, 87–89, 96, 98, 124, 204, 316n49
Bijapur, xi, 213, 266–67, 286–87
Bikramjit, Rana, 124
Birbar, Raja, xi, 146, 150, 155–56, 174, 192, 241, 248, 253–54, 266; death of, ix, xii, 244, 251–53; friendship with Akbar, xi, 155, 248–51, 331n8, 344n28
Bir Sah, 102–3
Bir Singh Bundela, xii, 280–82
brahmins, 90, 124, 146, 155–56, 169, 171–72, 174–75, 192, 220, 234, 238–39, 242, 249, 253, 257, 344n34, 345n44, 346n53; Mukand Brahmachari, 239
branding. See dagh, system of ‘branding’
Busch, Allison, 180
caliphs, 189, 191, 219
Cambay, 138, 141, 329n29
camels, xi, 9, 13–15, 37, 39, 65, 105, 146, 170, 216, 220–21, 230, 260, 268, 311n30, 320n1, 341n26
Chagatai Chakravartin, 239–40
Champaner, 138, 143, 158, 309n5
Chand Bibi, xiv, 267, 274–75, 277, 281, 351n8
chaupar, 137, 198
cheetahs, 1, 47, 70, 73, 107, 123, 125, 146–47, 161, 178, 187, 197, 222, 232
Chenghis Khan, xiv, 137–38, 143, 330n50
Chinghis Khan, xix, 13, 97, 143, 193, 277, 308n54
Chishti order, 212, 247; Chishti, Khwaja Moinuddin, 107, 130, 135, 148, 193–94; Chishti, Shaikh Salim, 135, 145, 157, 260, 278
Chittorgarh, xiii, xiv, 44, 124, 130–32, 145, 179, 181; fathnama proclaiming victory of Islam in, 121, 129, 235, 239, 267; siege of, 124–25, 127–29, 147, 157, 327n48, 328n14, 345n35
Christianity, conversion to, 214, 261, 346n53
circumcision: of Akbar, 32, 40; of Akbar’s sons, 136
conversion to Christianity, 214, 261, 346n53
cuisine, 231
dagh, system of ‘branding’, 202–3, 205, 237
Dale, Stephen, 97, 258, 299, 315n40, 337n1
Dalits, 298
Dalpat, Raja, 101–2
Dalsingar (elephant), 47, 90, 319n38
Daniyal, ix, 136, 143, 260–61, 268–69, 274, 277–78, 283, 286, 351n9, 352n22; drinking and death, 288–89
Darbar Khan, 104, 117
Daud, Sultan, xiv, 160–62, 177, 198–99, 202, 244, 247, 253; execution of, 200–201
debates, in Ibadat Khana. See Ibadat Khana
Deccan, 1, 97, 99, 101, 142–43, 153, 228, 244, 263, 265–67, 269, 271, 273–75, 278–79, 286, 311n30, 351n9, 352n22
Delhi, xiii, 21, 45–47, 49–51, 53, 55, 58–59, 66, 69, 71–72, 77, 96, 123, 177, 247, 299, 314n5, 317n88; Akbar in, 60, 65, 71–74, 99–100, 116, 177, 348n11; Hamida in charge of, 257; Hemu’s conquest of, 53–55, 58, 96, 314n23, 316n46; Humayun’s tomb in, 212, 257
Dildar Begum, viii, 10–11
din-i-ilahi, 240–42, 253, 261
divine faith. See din-i-ilahi
dogs, 39–40, 106, 114, 146, 226
Durgavati, Rani, xi, xiii, 96, 101–4
Eaton, Richard M., 191, 325n11, 345n43
Ekadashi, 297
elephants, xiv, 1, 4, 47–48, 53, 59–60, 62–64, 70–71, 74, 76, 83–84, 89–90, 101, 103, 105–6, 108, 116–19, 122–24, 126, 128, 130, 137, 139, 148–49, 151, 161–62, 177–78, 197, 215, 221, 227, 236, 243, 249, 252, 254–55, 263–64, 268, 274, 297, 328n14, 333n28, 341n27, 342n2, 349n38; Balsundar, 117, 160; Dalsingar, 47, 90; hunting of, 104, 249, 278; khasa elephants, 254–55; Pundarik, 182–83; Ram Prasad, 181, 201, 338n13; Sarman, 102–3; at the Second Battle of Panipat, 54–57, 64, 73, 108, 261, 315n43; as a way of seeking God’s will, 85–87, 86 , 135, 186, 195, 243, 289; wine-drinking, 286
escheat, system of, 232, 344n26
essential commodities, prices of, 233, 236
Faizi, xi, 156–58, 189–90, 233, 236, 334n5
Faruqui, Munis, 211–12, 240, 242, 247, 283–84, 291, 339n2, 345n38, 354n28
Fatehpur (city of victory), viii, 1, 121, 136 , 145, 158, 165–67, 172–73, 177, 180, 188, 193–95, 197–201, 206, 209, 213, 222, 227, 229, 232, 249–50, 266, 275, 338n5, 338n10, 346n53, 347n8; abandonment of, 246–47; Father Monserrate in, 136, 214, 260–61, 263; public preaching by Akbar in, 188
Fath Khan, 106, 110
Ferishta, 54, 57–58, 100, 267, 322n39
Fire Test, 214–15, 217, 272
fire-worship, 220, 342n7
First Battle of Panipat. See Panipat
Fisher, Michael H., 87, 227–28, 321n7, 325n10, 327n45, 332n18, 332n20, 333n1, 343n10
Fitch, Ralph, 246, 329n29
Fulad Beg Barlas, Mirza, 297
Gada’i, Shaikh, 70, 73, 75
Gakkhars, xiii, 41, 100–101, 312n60
games, 31, 44, 64, 68, 232; chaupar, 137, 232; polo, 114–15, 137, 187, 248–49, 300
Gandhi, Mahatma, 298, 355n12
Ghazni, 4, 19, 40, 45, 61, 63, 76, 92, 115
Golconda, 266–67, 278
Gujarat, xiii, xiv, 1, 5, 9, 22, 45, 69, 74, 77, 97–98, 105, 107, 111, 124, 132, 145–46, 150, 153, 155, 162–63, 179, 213, 229, 232, 236, 257, 263, 268, 309n5, 325n12, 327n58, 329n25, 329n29, 330n50, 343n10, 346n47; Abdur Rahim’s campaign in, xi, 153, 227, 267, 342n3; Akbar’s dash to Ahmedabad in, viii, xiv, 146–49, 154, 203, 222, 257; Akbar’s first campaign in, 137–45, 159, 204–5, 207, 328n14
Gujar Khan, 160, 177
Gulbadan Begum, viii, 6, 8–14, 17, 21, 24–27, 29, 31, 34–36, 38, 54, 257, 259, 296, 306n12, 307n19, 307n35, 308n47; journey to Mecca, 229, 257–58, 343n10; and siege of Kabul, 33–34
Gulrukh Begum, viii, 139, 142, 153, 329n32, 349n47
Guru Granth Sahib, 234, 334n11
Haider, Mirza, vii, 3–5, 9, 306n16, 310n19, 311n47
Haji Begum, 17, 257, 312n50
Hajipur, 161, 199–201
Hajji Khan, 59–60
Hakim, Mirza Muhammad, viii, 95, 112–15, 206, 211–12, 228, 237, 240, 244–47, 255, 278, 324n69; Akbar’s last campaign against, 213, 220, 222, 224–26, 257, 261; as alternative to Akbar, 99, 113, 116, 166, 207, 211, 239, 245, 345n38; attempts on Lahore, 116, 209, 212, 224, 284, 324n73, 339n2
Hakim Abul Fath, xii, 174, 202, 207, 219, 233, 236, 253; disastrous campaign in Swat and Bajaur, 251–53
Hakim Sur, 181
Hamida Banu Begum, vii, viii, xiii, 24–25, 27, 30–31, 44–45, 49, 61, 72, 100, 163, 220, 250, 252, 254, 256–60, 307n19, 312n50; courted by Humayun, 9–11, 29, 89, 311n39; death of, 287–88; fondness for Salim, 284–85; pregnancy, 12–13, 15–18, 162, 237
Happy Sayings, 1, 21, 47, 81, 95, 121, 153, 168, 186, 195, 197, 228, 231, 233, 243, 250, 342n7
Haram Begum, viii, 29, 95, 113–15, 197–98, 212, 245, 337n3; Kamran’s attempt to woo, 34–35
Hardy, Peter, 248
harem, 4, 9–10, 13–14, 16, 23, 30–31, 33–34, 38, 43, 45, 61–62, 84–85, 88, 92, 99, 130, 132, 135, 143, 147, 162, 178, 189, 221–22, 258, 260, 268, 275, 284, 289, 297, 306n15, 307n19, 347n2; as a fixed and guarded place, 259
Harkha Bai, viii, ix, 89, 127, 129, 131, 143–44, 234, 289, 335n33, 344n31
Hayran. See horses
Hemu, xiii, 52–53, 58–59, 61, 68, 154, 298, 314n23, 318n4; execution of, 57–58, 60, 93, 96; Second Battle of Panipat, 54–57, 64, 73, 108, 151, 177, 261, 315n43; siege of Bayana, 53
Henriquez, Francis, xii, 213
Hindal, viii, 2–5, 9–10, 29–30, 36–40, 311n47; displeased with Humayun’s courtship of Hamida, 10–11, 29, 284, 307n35, 311n39; gallantry of, 4, 9, 38, 306n12
Holrai, 239
homosexuality, 44, 64–68, 204
horoscopes, 18, 44, 133, 237, 312n50
horses, ix, xi, 1–3, 12–15, 23, 25, 27, 38–39, 45, 47, 55–57, 67, 75, 84, 96, 105, 108, 115–16, 118, 124–26, 137, 141–42, 144–46, 149, 151, 156, 170–71, 175, 177, 180, 187–88, 219, 221, 230, 236, 248–49, 252, 254–55, 259, 264, 268, 279–80, 300, 308n44, 320n1, 332n18, 333n28, 341n20, 341n26; Hayran, 62–63; Humayun forced to borrow, 4, 13, 24, 306n11; soldiers forced to eat, 9, 11, 25, 273, 311n30; and systems of mansabdari and branding, 165, 202–3, 205, 237
Hoyland, J.S., 234, 298
Humayun, vii, viii, xi, xii, xiii, 2–3, 5, 7–10, 12–15, 17, 21–24, 30, 32–33, 35, 38, 43–46, 50, 53–55, 59, 63, 65, 75, 77–78, 83, 95–97, 100–101, 107–8, 110–12, 116, 122, 132, 137, 139, 143, 157–58, 199, 202, 211, 257–58, 284, 291, 306n6, 307n36, 308n37, 308n44, 309n5, 309n7, 312n61, 316n59, 321n7, 345n43, 354n28; and Abul Ma’ali, x, 50–51, 98, 113, 314nn10–11; and Akbar, 6, 16, 18, 21–25, 31–32, 34, 37–42, 44–45, 48 , 49, 60, 71, 100, 111, 116, 122, 133, 212, 223, 228, 261, 307n20, 312n50, 312n53, 312n55, 314n5; ambition for Babur’s throne, 7–8; and battle of Kannauj, 3–5, 19, 49; courting Hamida Banu, 9–11, 89, 288; death of, 45–46, 49–50, 58–59, 62, 69, 113, 133, 237; as delicate king, 7; and firstborn son. See Al-Aman; at fortress of Umarkot, 15–16, 308n47; and Hindal’s displeasure with courtship of Hamida, 10–11, 29, 284, 307n35, 311n39; and Kamran, 6–9, 23, 27, 29, 31–39, 41–43, 100, 107–8, 139, 211, 284, 306n15, 307n19, 313nn64–65, 317n88, 322n38, 339n2; letter to Sher Shah, 6; plan to conquer Balkh and Samarqand, 2, 33, 36, 278, 311n47; and Shah Tahmasp, 9, 25–27, 30, 58, 91, 309n17, 310nn19–21, 332n19, 343n14
Humayun-nama, viii, 6–7, 306n12
hunting, ix, 26, 40, 47, 48 , 49, 55, 63, 68, 70–72, 76, 87, 97, 99, 102, 104, 106, 117, 123, 130, 140, 146–47, 160–61, 194, 202, 205, 222, 235–36, 249, 254, 259, 265, 271, 278, 289, 290 , 308n44; qamargah, 111–12, 116, 187, 231, 324n73
Husain, Afzal, 107, 248, 316n57
Husain Khan, 154–56, 331nn4–5
Husain Quli Khan, x, xiv, 75, 98–99, 145, 154–56, 198–202, 331n5
Ibadat Khana, 165–66, 170, 173–74, 176, 197, 199, 202, 213, 217, 218 , 224, 257, 299
Ibn al-Arabi, 279
Ibrahim Lodi, 2, 56, 162, 315n40
Infallibility Decree (mahzar), 190–93
insan-i-kamil, 279, 298
inter-religious love affair, 170–71
Iran, xii, xiii, 1, 9, 25, 50, 97, 174, 185, 191, 193–94, 202, 226, 274, 307n20, 326n15, 341n20. See also Persia
Itimad Khan (Gujarati), xiv, 138–39, 328n14
Jahangir. See Salim
Jahangirnama, 256
Jaimal (commander in Chittorgarh and Merta), xiii, 125, 127–28
Jains, 174, 191, 214, 234, 238 , 239, 344n34, 346n47, 353n34; Banarasidas, 169–70, 234, 256, 271–72, 300–301, 334n15
Jani Beg, 276
jauhar, 83, 103, 127, 259
Jaunpur, 66–67, 82, 88, 96, 105–6, 108, 110–11, 116–18, 122–23, 139, 160, 162, 170, 177, 271, 300–301, 322n31, 334n15; qazi of, 217–19
Jesuits, ix, xii, 135, 211, 216, 218 , 220, 230, 257, 260–61, 263, 265, 275–76, 285, 287, 342n3, 350n57, 352n20; first mission to Akbar’s court, xii, 213–15, 217, 219, 261, 297, 340n8; third mission to Akbar’s court, xii, 230, 263, 279, 297, 346n53, 349n38
Jiji (Anaka), ix, 16, 19, 23–24, 28, 34, 39, 49, 63, 69, 72, 202, 257, 266, 309n56
Jodha Bai. See Harkha Bai
Jodhpur, 88, 100, 148, 307n36. See also Marwar
Jouher, x, 3, 4, 8–15, 18, 22, 24, 26, 31, 34–36, 41–42, 44, 158, 308n44, 310n20, 312n61, 321n7; and Akbar, 44, 282, 296; and Kamran, 42–43, 313n65
Juchi, 97, 316n59
Jun, 21–22
Kabul, vii, viii, 2, 5–9, 17, 21, 26–32, 35–40, 43–47, 49–50, 54, 58, 60, 70, 73–74, 78, 94, 96, 98, 100, 163, 197, 199, 206, 224–25, 228, 246, 248, 258, 284, 299, 310n24, 337n1; Abul Ma’ali in, x, 99, 113–14; Akbar’s return to, 98, 223–26, 254–55; attempts to conquer, by Sulaiman and Haram Begum, 58, 61, 95, 113–15, 245, 314n23, 324n69; Hakim in, 111–13, 115–16, 166, 206–7, 211–12, 224–25, 244–45, 339n2; siege of, by Humayun, 30–31, 33–34
Kachhwaha Rajputs. See Rajputs
Kakrali. See Nagarchain
Kalanaur, Akbar’s crowning in, 49, 53, 71, 116, 233, 286
Kalinjar fort, 132–33
Kamal Khan, xiii, 100–101
Kamran, vii, viii, xiii, 2–3, 5–9, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31–39, 41–44, 50, 71, 100, 107–8, 112, 116, 139, 153, 197, 284, 306n15, 311n39, 317n88, 339n2; and Akbar, 27–28, 34, 37; blinding of, 42–43, 313n65; and daughter of (Gulrukh), viii, 139, 142, 153, 329n32, 349n47; forgiven by Humayun, 7, 32, 35, 37, 42; grieving Hindal’s death, 38; negotiations with Suri kings, 5–7, 41, 44, 307n19; and siege of Kabul, 33–34; and son of (Abul Qasim), viii, 50, 71, 108, 111, 317n88, 322nn38–39
Kannauj. See battle of Kannauj
Kashmir, xiv, 77, 98, 153, 248, 251, 299, 326n15, 345n44; Akbar in, xii, 253–55, 260, 349n38; military expeditions to, vii, 5, 247–48, 306n16, 310n19, 311n47
Khan, Iqtidar Alam, 97, 129, 190–91, 204, 235–36, 323n44, 323n47
Khandesh, xii, xiv, 143, 267, 274, 277, 352n20
Khanim Begum, 29, 197–98, 338n5
Khan-Khanan, x, 78, 86, 91, 98, 109–10, 227, 267, 323n44, 323n47, 323n52, 342n3, 352n23
Khanzada, vii, 7, 29–30, 259, 284, 324n64
khasa, 221; elephants, 254; guns, 221–22; pigeons, 281; weapons, 221
Khizr-Khwaja Khan, 54
Khusro, ix, 275, 279, 284, 289–91, 290
khutba, 188–90, 205, 207, 228; khutba-u-sikka, 188, 247
Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi, viii, 115, 212, 224
Kumbhalgarh fort, 182, 204
Lahore, viii, 3, 9, 11, 41, 51, 61, 63, 73–74, 96, 111, 116–17, 123, 146, 154, 202, 219, 245, 254, 263, 267, 269, 279, 297, 299, 306n15, 346n53; Akbar shifting to, 246, 297, 347n8; Hakim’s claim to, 116, 206, 212, 224, 245, 284, 324n73, 339n2; Humayun in, 3, 5–9, 45, 307n22, 311n47; Monserrate’s descriptions of, 246–47
Lal, Ruby, 259
Lefèvre, Corinne, 193
Maathir-ul-Umara, 167
Madhukar, Raja, xii, 263, 265, 280
Maham (Anaka), ix, x, 23, 28, 34, 49, 51, 61–62, 69, 71–73, 78, 84–86, 91, 93, 94 , 99, 107, 266
Maham Begum, vii, 10, 17
Mahchuchak Begum, viii, 95, 112–14
Mahdawi, 156–57, 174, 176, 332n13
Mahdi, 157, 185–87, 238, 240, 283
Mahdi Khwaja, 7–8, 30, 324n64
Mahesh Das. See Birbar, Raja
mahzar. See Infallibility Decree
Majid, Khwaja Abdul. See Asaf Khan
Majumdar, B.B., 169, 298
Majumdar, R.C., 168
Makhdum-ul-Mulk, xi, 157, 171, 174–75, 189–90, 194, 202, 229, 232, 235–36, 258, 297, 323n52, 332n13
Maldeo, Raja, xiii, 12, 308n37
Malwa, x, xiii, 5, 70, 81, 86–88, 103–4, 107, 111, 123, 175, 202, 235, 244, 322n36; conquest of, 82–83, 96, 138, 154; Murad in, 263–65
Man Bai, ix, 256, 289
Man Singh, ix, 89, 131, 141, 153, 182, 209, 222, 224–26, 239, 241, 246, 248, 261, 265, 279, 346n53, 350n51; and Akbar’s outburst in Surat, 144–45; and battle of Haldighati, xiii, 179, 181–82; and Rana Pratap, xiii, 145, 147, 179–81, 335n33; support for Khusro, 279, 290–91
Mancharita (Amrit Rai), 180–82, 239
Mankot, 47, 61, 66, 69–70, 74, 125, 314n5
mansabdari system, 166, 197–98, 202–4, 208, 213, 237, 242, 267, 283–84
Marwar, xiii, 12, 88, 132, 308n37
Maulana Chand, 13, 16–17, 19, 133, 237
Maulana Muhammad Yazd, xi, 174, 217, 219
Mecca, viii, 22, 41, 43, 69, 72–74, 77, 79, 98–99, 188, 194–95, 206, 229, 245, 257, 266–67, 271, 312n51, 343n10, 343n12
Mewar, xiii, 123–25, 128, 131–32, 145, 147, 179–82, 285, 327n57
Mewat, 74
milk brothers of Akbar. See Aziz Koka; Zain Khan Koka
Mir Khalifa, 7
Mir Muhammad Khan, 95, 115, 330n46
Mirza Ibrahim Husain. See The Mirzas
Mirza Muhammad Husain. See The Mirzas
The Mirzas, viii, 111, 122–23, 129, 139, 142–43, 146, 148, 166, 194, 205, 207, 306n7, 329n28; alliance with Chenghis Khan, 138; alliance with Uzbeks, 111; in Gujarat, 138–39; Mirza Ibrahim Husain, viii, 139–42, 145–46, 153–55, 224, 331n5, 349n47; Mirza Muhammad Husain, xiv, 142, 146–51, 163; Shah Mirza, 142, 151, 330n43
Mirza Shah Husain. See The Mirzas
Moghul Khan, 97
Moin, Azfar, 60, 185–87, 215, 217, 220, 240, 309n17
Mongols, xiv, xix, 12, 54, 97, 193, 221, 239, 308n54, 315n40, 321n7, 325n12
Monserrate, Antonio, ix, xii, 135–37, 213–14, 216, 222, 230, 246, 249–50, 257, 259, 261, 263, 278, 281, 297–99, 340n5, 340n8, 343n13, 350n60; describing Akbar’s army, 220–22, 341n26; and Fire Test, 214–15; and Murad, 260–61, 263
Muazzam, vii, 10, 16, 44–45, 162, 258, 313n71; as talented sleuth, 27
Mubarak, Shaikh, xi, 122, 145, 156–57, 176, 190, 193–94, 273, 332n13
Muhammad (Prophet), 52, 171, 189–90, 192, 214, 240, 242, 285, 295, 314n9, 327n45, 340n5
Muhammad Murad, Mirza, 30
Muharram, 3, 77, 213
mujtahid, 190, 240
Mukhia, Harbans, 58, 60, 177, 186, 191, 259, 279, 300, 320n49, 331n10
Munim Khan, x, 14, 45, 58, 61–62, 74, 78, 83–84, 86, 91, 95, 98, 105, 109–13, 118, 122, 129, 138, 153, 155, 200–201, 203–5, 314n23, 323n44, 323n47, 323n50, 323n52; Akbar’s ataliq, x, 40, 71, 324n82; conquest of Bihar and Bengal, xiv, 160–62, 177, 198–200, 203, 247, 253, 273; death of, 198–99, 232, 244, 273; and Humayun, 12–13, 22, 40, 314n11
Murad, ix, 136, 143, 220, 224–26, 260–61, 262 , 263, 268–69, 273–74, 283; death of, 261, 269, 274, 297; in the Deccan, 265–69, 273; and Jesuits, ix, xii, 260–61, 263; in Malwa, 263–65, 280, 350n68
