Normal women, p.77
Normal Women, page 77
79. Louise Raw, ‘Women and Protest in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, British Online Archives
80. Annie Besant, The Link, 14 July 1888, TUC History Online
81. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 2824
82. Ibid., loc 2862
83. Hartmann, ‘Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex’, p. 157
84. Sheila Rowbotham, A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States, Viking, 1997, p. 25
85. Ibid., p. 81
86. Steve Humphries and Pamela Gordon, Forbidden Britain: Our Secret Past 1900–1960, BBC Books, 1994, pp. 162–3
87. Ken Weller, ‘Don’t Be a Soldier!’, Journeyman, 1985, p. 32
88. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 129
89. ‘A Forgotten Women’s Solidarity Campaign: The Women’s Committee for the Relief of the Miners’ Wives and Children, May 1926 to January 1927’, 4 November 2019, Red Flag Walks (online)
90. Sue Bruley, The Women and Men of 1926: A Gender and Social History of the General Strike and Miners’ Lockout in South Wales, Cardiff University Press, 2010, p. 94
91. Ibid., pp. 95–110
92. Rachelle Saltzman, ‘Folklore as Politics in Great Britain: Working-Class Critiques of Upper-Class Strike Breakers in the 1926 General Strike’, Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 3, Part 2, July 1994, pp. 105–21
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Labour Women, 1 August 1926, in ‘A Forgotten Women’s Solidarity Campaign’, Red Flag Walks (online)
96. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own, 1929, p. 26
97. John Horgan, ‘Darwin Was Sexist, and So Are Many Modern Scientists’, Scientific American, 18 December 2017
98. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts’ Advice to Women, Random House, 2005, loc 2291
99. Ibid., loc 2267
100. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2559
101. G. Stanley Hall, in Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 2297
102. Quoted in Ehrenreich, For Her Own Good, loc 3560
103. W.R. Greg, ‘Why Are Women Redundant?’, N. Trübner & Co, 1869, p. 32
104. Jo B. Paoletti, Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America, Indiana University Press, 2012
105. Ibid., Chapter 4
106. Ibid.
107. Denise Winterman, ‘History’s Weirdest Fad Diets’, BBC News, 2 January 2013
108. Kristina Killgrove, ‘Here’s How Corsets Deformed the Skeletons of Victorian Women’, Forbes, 16 November 2015
109. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 2095 and 2098
110. Ellis quoted in Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, 1990, loc 4268
111. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 2116
112. Laqueur, Making Sex, loc 4401
113. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 2234
114. Loewenfeld in Bourke, Rape, loc 6108
115. Lesley A. Hall, ‘Sexuality’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain, Routledge, 2001, Section 4
116. Bourke, Rape, loc 6223
117. E Sheehan, ‘Victorian Clitoridectomy: Isaac Baker Brown and His Harmless Operative Procedure’, Medical Anthropology Newsletter, Vol. 12, 4, August 1981, pp. 9–15
118. Laqueur, Making Sex, loc 3354
119. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 2358
120. Jamie Lovely, ‘Women’s Mental Health in the 19th Century: An Analysis of Sociocultural Factors Contributing to Oppression of Women as Communicated by Influential Female Authors of the Time’, PhD thesis, University of Maine, Spring 2019
121. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 1983
122. Sarah Watling, Noble Savages: The Olivier Sisters, Jonathan Cape, 2019, loc 884
123. Maria Cohut, ‘The Controversy of “Female Hysteria”’, Medical News Today, 15 October 2020
124. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 2515
125. Watling, Noble Savages, loc 3051
126. Michaela Sharf, translated by Nick Somers, ‘Hysteria or Neurasthenia’, in ‘First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy’, Virtual Exhibition, The World of the Habsburgs
127. Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders, loc 327
128. J. Loudon, ‘Deaths in Childbed from the Eighteenth Century to 1935’, Medical History, Vol. 30, January 1986, pp. 1–41
129. Ibid.
130. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 3537
131. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 137
132. Sheila Rowbotham, Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the 20th Century, Verso, 2010, p. 103
133. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 32
134. Loudon, ‘Deaths in Childbed from the Eighteenth Century to 1935’
135. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 2508, 2582
136. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 140
137. Caroline de Costa, ‘The King vs Aleck Bourne’, Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 191, No. 4, 17 August 2009
138. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 141
139. Chloe Wilson, ‘Annie Besant: “[A] Stormy, Public, Much Attacked and Slandered Life”’, 4 July 2020, East End Women’s Museum (online)
140. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 3181
141. ‘Surplus Women: A Legacy of World War One?’ World War 1 Centenary (online)
142. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 2785
143. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 5796
144. Jeffreys, ‘On the Birth of the Sex Expert’
145. Edward Carpenter quoted in ibid.
146. Esther Newton, ‘The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman’, Signs, Vol. 9, No. 4, The Lesbian Issue, p. 561
147. Philippa Levine, ‘“So Few Prizes and So Many Blanks”: Marriage and Feminism in Later Nineteenth-Century England’, Journal of British Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, April 1989, pp. 150–74, p. 152
148. Ibid., p 158
149. Sharon Marcus, Between Women: Friendship, Desire and Marriage in Victorian England, Princeton University Press, 2007, loc 246
150. Ibid., loc 4229, 4254, 1173, 1220
151. Ibid., loc 1098
152. Esther Newton, ‘The Mythic Mannish Lesbian’
153. Carpenter quoted in Lillian Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, Women’s Press, 1985, p. 178
154. Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, p. 214
155. Ibid.
156. Marcus, Between Women, loc 1607
157. Ibid., loc 766
158. Minnie Benson, quoted in Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, p. 208
159. Martha Vicinus, ‘Lesbian Perversity and Victorian Marriage: The 1864 Codrington Divorce Trial’, Journal of British Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, January 1997, pp. 70–98
160. Ibid.
161. Newton, ‘The Mythic Mannish Lesbian’
162. Ibid.
163. Ruth F. Claus, ‘Confronting Homosexuality: A Letter from Frances Wilder’, Signs, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1977, pp. 928–33
164. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 1035
165. Newton, ‘The Mythic Mannish Lesbian’
166. Ibid.
167. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 2770
168. Faderman, Surpassing the Love of Men, p. 241
169. Claus, ‘Confronting Homosexuality’, p. 931
170. Ibid., p. 932
171. Trumbach in Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 1786
172. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 88
173. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 5495
174. P.E. Szoradova, ‘LGBTQ+ History: The Red Rose of Colonel Barker’, National Archives Blog, 25 February 2019 (online)
175. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 1773
176. ‘Twentieth-Century Trans Histories’, Historic England (online)
177. Iwan Bloch in Jeffreys, ‘On the Birth of the Sex Expert’
178. Bourke, Rape, loc 483, 497
179. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 11539
180. Bourke, Rape, loc 6082
181. Ibid., loc 6109
182. Ulrich, Victoria’s Feminist Legacy, p. 28
183. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 977
184. British Library Learning, ‘The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage: An Introduction’, British Library (online), 6 February 2018
185. Ulrich, Victoria’s Feminist Legacy, p. 110
186. Ibid., p. 112
187. Ibid., p. 81
188. King James Bible, Genesis 3:16
189. Lauren Hubbard, ‘What Was Queen Victoria Like as a Mother?’, Town and Country, 23 May 2022
190. Caroline Norton, Letter to the Queen on Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill of 1855, quoted in Ulrich, Victoria’s Feminist Legacy, p. 17
191. Alexander Walker in Patricia A. Vertinsky, The Eternally Wounded Women: Women, Doctors, and Exercise in the Late Nineteenth Century, Manchester University Press, 1989, p. 23
192. James Knowles (ed.), The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, Vol. 27 January–June 1890, p. 56
193. Janice Formichella, ‘The Victorian Croquet Craze: Crazier Than You Think’, Recollections (online), 8 August 2010
194. ‘Maud Watson, the “First Lady” of Wimbledon’, The All England Club, Wimbledon (online)
195. John Stanley, ‘Archery History: The Sport That Pioneered Equality for Women’s Participation’, World Archery, 10 September 2020
196. Kathleen E. McCrone, ‘Gender, and English Women’s Sport, c. 1890–1914’, Journal of Sport History, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 1991, Special Issue: Sport and Gender, pp. 159–82
197. M. Evans, ‘Women’s League Hockey and its Early Development’, in D. Day (ed.), Playing Pasts, MMU Sport and Leisure History, 2020, pp. 120–36
198. Rafaelle Nicholson, ‘The History of Women’s Cricket: From England’s Greens to the World Stage’, Bournemouth University, 5 March 2020
199. Louis Macken and M. Boys (eds), ‘Our Lady of the Green, Lawrence and Bullen’, 1899, in Vertinsky, The Eternally Wounded Woman
200. ‘Ladies History’, Royal North Devon Golf Club (online)
201. Neil Laird, ‘Early Women’s Golf’, Scottish Golf History (online)
202. Jane George, Joyce Kay and Wray Vamplew, ‘Women to the Fore: Gender Accommodation and Resistance at the British Golf Club Before 1914’, Sporting Traditions, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 79–98
203. Laird, ‘Early Women’s Golf’
204. Miriam Bibby, ‘Skittles the Pretty Horsebreaker’, Historic UK (online)
205. Erica Munkwitz, ‘Vixens of Venery: Women, Sport, and Fox-Hunting in Britain, 1860–1914’, Critical Survey, Vol. 24, No. 1, ‘Sporting Victorians’, 2012, pp. 74–87
206. ‘Hunting Notes’, The Ladies’ Field 32/405 (16 December 1905): 69, in Munkwitz, ‘Vixens of Venery’
207. Alison Matthews David, ‘Elegant Amazons: Victorian Riding Habits and the Fashionable Horsewoman’, Victorian Literature and Culture, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2002, pp. 179–210
208. Andrew Ritchie, ‘The Origins of Bicycle Racing in England: Technology, Entertainment, Sponsorship and Advertising in the Early History of the Sport’, Journal of Sport History, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1999, pp. 489–520
209. Vertinsky, The Eternally Wounded Woman, pp. 77–9
210. Jeroen Heijman and Bill Mallon, Historical Dictionary of Cycling, Scarecrow Press, 2011, p. xix
211. Suzanne Wrack, ‘How the FA Banned Women’s Football in 1921 and Tried to Justify It’, Guardian, 13 June 2022
212. David Day, ‘Swimming Natationists, Mistresses, and Matrons: Familial Influences on Female Careers in Victorian Britain’, International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 35, No. 6, 2018, pp. 494–510
213. ‘Lucy Morton’, Swim England Hall of Fame (online)
214. Marina Dmukhovskaya, ‘Look to the Past: Madge Syers, the First Woman to Compete at a Figure Skating World Championships’, 15 December 2021, Olympic News (online)
215. ‘The Women’s Amateur Athletic Association the 1920s’, Run Young 50 (online)
216. Gwenda Ward, ‘The History of Gender Equity in British Track & Field’, FCN, 26 April 2022
217. Shoemaker, Gender in English Society 1650–1850, loc 2517
218. Leonore Davidoff, ‘The Rationalization of Housework’, in Dependence and Exploitation in Work and Marriage, eds Diana Leonard Barker and Sheila Allen, Longman, 1976, p. 139
219. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 349
220. Davidoff, ‘The Rationalization of Housework’
221. Ibid.
222. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 384
223. Ibid., loc 1110
224. K.E. Gales and P.H. Marks, ‘Twentieth-Century Trends in the Work of Women in England and Wales’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 1, January 1974, pp. 60–74
225. Ana Muñoz, ‘Women in First World War Britain: Exploitation, Revolt and Betrayal’, 7 March 2014, In Defence of Marxism (online)
226. Claus, ‘Confronting Homosexuality’, p. 930
227. McCrone, ‘Gender, and English Women’s Sport, c. 1890–1914’
228. Greg, ‘Why Are Women Redundant?’, p. 35
229. Patricia Owen, ‘Who Would Be Free, Herself Must Strike the Blow’, History of Education, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1988, pp. 83–99
230. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 428
231. Watling, Noble Savages, loc 4256
232. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 22
233. Watling, Noble Savages, loc 4215
234. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 455
235. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 3136
236. Gloria McAdam, ‘Willing Women and the Rise of Convents in Nineteenth-Century England’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 8, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 411–41
237. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 3316
238. Sariya Cheruvallil-Contractor, ‘The Forgotten Women Who Helped to Build British Islam’, The Conversation, 6 March 2020
239. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 3304
240. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, p. 1093
241. B. Heeney, ‘Women’s Struggle for Professional Work and Status in the Church of England, 1900–1930’, Historical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1983, pp. 329–47
242. St Paul, 1 Corinthians 14:34–35
243. Heeney, ‘Women’s Struggle for Professional Work and Status in the Church of England, 1900–1930’
244. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 22
245. Jessica E. Kirwan, ‘A Brief History of Women Doctors in the British Empire’, Synapis Journal (online)
246. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 22
247. Steinbach, Women in England 1760–1914, loc 877
248. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 22
249. Ehrenreich and English, Complaints and Disorders, loc 511
250. Mark Bridge, ‘Prize Fighting Women of Victorian Britain . . .’, History First, 12 January 2023
251. ‘Women’s Magazines’ from article ‘Publishing’, Britannica (online)
252. Ehrenreich and English, For Her Own Good, loc 2858 and 2949
253. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 136
254. Rebecca Baumgartner, ‘How the Industrial Revolution Played Favourites’, 3quarksdaily, 27 June 2022
255. ‘The Invention of the Vacuum Cleaner, from Horse-Drawn to High Tech’, Science Museum (online), 3 April 2020
256. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 66
257. Ibid., p. 65
258. Ibid.
259. ‘The History of the Corps’, FANY (online)
260. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 73
261. Tammy M. Proctor, Female Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War, New York University Press, 2003, p. 17
262. Ibid., pp. 1, 19, 27
263. ‘Flora Sandes’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
264. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 76
265. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 34
266. Quoted in Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 72
267. Proctor, Female Intelligence, pp. 29, 32
268. Ibid., p. 29
269. Ibid., pp. 34, 36
270. Ibid., pp. 20–1, 33
271. Ibid., p. 34
272. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 37
273. Ellen Castelow, ‘World War One: Women at War’, Historic UK, 20 January 2015
274. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 165
275. Ibid., pp. 125, 128
276. L.K. Yates, A Woman’s Part, quoted in G. Braybon, Women Workers in the First World War, Taylor & Francis, 1981, p. 48
277. Muñoz, ‘Women in First World War Britain’
278. Williams, quoted in Braybon, Women Workers in the First World War, p. 163
279. J. De Vries, ‘Women’s Voluntary Organizations in World War I’, 2005, in Women, War and Society: Additional Resources, Gale (online)
280. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 44
281. Ibid., p. 194
282. Ibid., p. 144
283. Ibid., p. 187
284. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 3550
285. Watling, Noble Savages, loc 4872
286. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 191
287. Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 87
288. Rackley and Auchmuty, Women’s Legal Landmarks, loc 4297
289. Rose Staveley-Wadham, ‘Policing Pioneers: A Look at the History of the Women’s Police Service’, British Newspaper Archive, 25 February 2021
290. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, pp. 20 and 40
291. Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, Pluto Press, 1984, p. 302
292. Ibid., pp. 303–4
293. The Times, June 1919, quoted in ibid., p. 311
294. Lucy Bland, ‘White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears in Britain After the Great War’, Gender and History, Vol. 17, No. 1, July 2005, pp. 29–61
295. Gales and Marks, ‘Twentieth-Century Trends in the Work of Women in England and Wales’
296. Rosemary Wall, ‘Surplus Women: A Legacy of World War One?’, World War 1 Centenary, University of Oxford (online)
