Nazaretyan, Amayak, 1

  Nazareva, Gertruda, 1

  Nechaev, Sergei, 1, 2

  Nefedev, Nikolai, 1, 2

  Neivola (Finland), 1, 2

  NEP see New Economic Policy

  Nevzorova, Zinaida, 1

  New Economic Policy (NEP): L introduces and justifies (1921), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; denounced at 10th Party Conference, 8; in operation, 9, 10; and continuance of terror, 11; and private foreign trade, 12

  Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia: attacked by revolutionary parties, 1; unpopularity, 2; and killing of petitioners (1905), 3; October Manifesto of reforms (1905), 4, 5; disperses Duma and calls new elections, 6; and Basic Law, 7; L wishes for overthrow, 8; in First World War, 9, 10; and February 1917 revolution, 11; prorogues Fourth State Duma, 12; and Provisional Government, 13; secret treaties with Allies, 14; assassinated, 15

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1

  Nikolaev, Ivan, 1

  Nizhni Novgorod, 1, 2

  Nobel oil company, 1

  North Vietnam, 1

  Northern Congress of Soviets (1917), 1

  Noske, Gustav, 1

  Noskov, Vladimir A., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Nowy Targ (Poland), 1

  Obukh, Professor Vladimir A., 1

  October revolution (1917): and Leninist ideology, 1; disputes over, 2; L plans, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; success, 8; L proclaims achievements of, 9; and economic policy, 10

  Octobrists, 1

  Okhrana (secret police): apprehends Alexander Ulyanov, 1; in Chekhov story, 2; follows L to St Petersburg (1895), 3; detains L, 4; arrests Yakubova and Krupskaya, 5; surveillance of L abroad, 6, 7; and L’s nom-de-plume, 8; L safe from in London, 9; warns Belgian police, 10; activities in Russian Empire, 11, 12, 13; L believes free from, 14; and L in Finland, 15; uses Bolshevik agents, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; and emigrants, 22; arrests Central Committee members, 23; arrests Inessa Armand, 24; arrests Bolsheviks in war, 25; crushes strikes, 26; and Piłsudski, 27

  Old Believers, 1, 1

  one-party state, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Order of Lenin, 1

  Ordzhonikidze, Sergo: in Russian

  Organisational Commission, 1; admires L, 2; organises Prague Conference, 3; proposes reform of Bolshevik leadership, 4; on armed demonstration (1917), 5; attacks Georgian leaders, 6, 7, 8; and L’s political testament, 9, 10

  Orest, Father, 1

  Orgburo (Organisational Bureau of Central Committee), 1

  Orthodox Church: dominance, 1; repressed, 2, 3

  Osinski, Nikolai, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Osipanov, Vasili S., 1

  Osipov, G.I., 1

  Osipov, Professor Viktor, 1, 2, 3

  Ottoman Empire see Turkey

  Otzovists (‘Recallists’), 1, 2

  Pakaln, Pëtr, 1, 2, 3

  Pankhurst, Sylvia, 1

  Pannekoek, Antonie, 1

  Paris: L visits, 1; L lives in, 2, 3, 4, 5; Party Central Committee meets in (1911), 6

  Paris Commune (1871), 1, 2

  Party of Constitutional Democrats (Kadets): and 2nd Congress of Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 1; formed, 2; at 5th Party Congress, 3; status in Provisional Government, 4, 5, 6, 7; and L’s plans for revolution, 8; L ignores, 9; repressed by Bolsheviks, 10; supports grain-trade monopoly, 11

  Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries: formed (1901), 1; land and peasant policy, 2, 3; works to undermine established regime, 4; and L’s return to Russia, 5; supports Provisional Government, 6, 7; Bolsheviks oppose, 8; L repudiates, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; apprehension over Bolshevik demonstration, 14, 15; decline, 16; strength in soviets, 17; and October Revolution, 18; forms separate party, 19; demands broader socialist coalition, 20; and Constituent Assembly elections, 21; and suppression of Constituent Assembly, 22; repressed by Bolsheviks, 23, 24, 25, 26; supports grain-trade monopoly, 27; and L’s socialism, 28; forms alternative administration, 29; in Civil War, 30, 31; treated as counterrevolutionaries, 32; advocates NEP, 33; accused of instigating Kronstadt mutiny, 34

  Parviainen, Pekka, 1

  peasants: emancipated (1861), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; life-style and conditions, 7, 8, 9, 10; resist revolutionary ideas, 11; L’s attitude to, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24; attitude to land-ownership and reform, 25; behaviour at Alakaevka, 26; class divisions, 27; in revolutionary thinking, 28; suffer from famine, 29; and capitalism, 30; L writes on, 31; taxed, 32; in L’s economic theories, 33; transfer of lands to, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39; act against landlords, 40; farming methods, 41; resist land nationalisation, 42; and Chernov’s land policy, 43; seize land, 44; in Constituent Assembly elections, 45; desert from army, 46; and state grain-trade monopoly, 47, 48, 49, 50; resent committees of the village poor, 51; in Ukraine, 52; L considers rewards for production increases, 53; and tax-in-kind on grain, 54, 55; uprisings, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60; L advocates hardship under NEP, 61; allowed private trade in grain, 62, 63; suppressed by Red Army, 64; L wishes to join co-operatives, 65; see also kulaki

  Peel, Sir Robert, 1

  Penza, 1

  People’s Freedom (movement), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  People’s Will (organisation), 1, 2

  Perm: in Civil War, 1, 2

  Persiyanov, Vyacheslav, 1

  Peter I (the Great), Tsar, 1, 2, 3

  Petrograd see St Petersburg

  Piłsudski, Josef, 1, 2, 3

  Pipes, Richard, 1

  Pisarev, Dmitri, 1, 2

  Platten, Fritz, 1, 2

  Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich: influence on L, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; revolutionary ideas, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; attitude to peasants, 12; Marx and Engels dismiss, 13; L meets in Switzerland, 14, 15; economic ideas, 16; and Liberation of Labour Group, 17; L resents dominance, 18; on editorial board of Iskra, 19, 20; relations with L, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26; letters from L, 27; advocates Marxism, 28; and L’s What Is to Be Done?, 29; drafts programme for 2nd Congress of Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 30, 31; at Second Party Congress, 32; declines to attend Third Party Congress, 33; criticises L’s revolutionary strategy, 34; supports Russian war effort, 35; L attacks in Lausanne, 36; on patriotism of socialists, 37; Our Disagreements, 38

  Pleve, Vyacheslav K.: assassinated, 1

  Podolsk, 1, 2, 3

  Podvoiski, Nikolai, 1, 2

  Poland: revolts against Russian Empire, 1; threat to tsarism, 2; and outbreak of First World War, 3; in German peace demands, 4, 5; war with and defeat of USSR (1920), 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; Soviet peace treaty with (1921), 13

  Poletaev, Nikolai G., 1

  Politburo (Political Bureau of Central Committee): formed, 1; authority, 2; and Civil War, 3, 4; L chairs, 5, 6, 7; attacked by factions, 8; approves introduction of NEP, 9; L confides ill-health to, 10; and international agreements, 11; and L’s death, 12; orders embalming of L’s body, 13

  Politiken (Swedish newspaper), 1

  Por, Adolf, 1

  Poronin (Poland), 1, 2

  Postnikov, Vladimir E., 1

  Potapov, N.G., 1

  Potresov, Alexander, 1, 2, 3

  Prague: 1912 Party conference in, 1

  Pravda (newspaper): Bolshevik Centre offers funding for, 1; first issue (1912), 2; L consults with board, 3; L writes for, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; Stalin edits, 9; Okhrana encourages to violence, 10; closed down by Imperial government, 11; L studies in Finland, 12; revolutionary policy, 13; Maria Ilinichna works for, 14, 15; carries no cartoons of L in 1917, 16; circulation, 17; offices raided, 18; and L’s terror policy, 19; Bukharin edits, 20; publicises L, 21; article supporting economic reform, 22; prints L’s articles on Kronstadt mutiny, 23; on Lenin and NEP, 24; carries portrait of L, 25

  Preobrazhenski, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Preobrazhenski, Yevgeni, 1, 2

  press: freedom restricted under L, 1, 2

  Prokopovich, Sergei N., 1

  Proletari (newspaper), 1, 2, 3, 4

  Provisional Government (Russia): L opposes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; programme and policies, 9, 10; L claims to be imperialist, 11; challenged by Bolsheviks, 12; and Bolshevik 1917 armed demonstration, 13, 14; and Bolshevik October Revolution, 15, 16

  Prushakevich, Vera, 1

  Pskov, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Pugachëv, Yemelyan, 1

  Pulkovo Heights, battle of (1917), 1

  Pushkin, Alexander, 1, 2

  Pyatakov, Georgi, 1, 2

  Rabinowitch, Alexander, 1

  Rabotnik (journal), 1

  Radchenko, Stepan, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Radek, Karl: writes on imperialism, 1; L’s discussions with, 2; on ‘sealed train’ with L, 3; stays in Stockholm, 4, 5; improves L’s dress, 6; opposes L’s plan for separate peace, 7; at 3rd Comintern Congress, 8; L castigates for promising leniency, 9; L abuses, 10

  Rahja, Eino, 1, 2, 3

  Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 1

  Rappoport, Charles, 1

  Ravich, Olga (Safarov’s wife), 1

  Rayment, Henry: teaches English to L, 1

  Razin, Stenka, 1

  Razliv, 1

  Recallists see Otzovists

  Rech (Kadet newspaper), 1

  Red Army: formed, 1, 2; repressions, 3; in Civil War, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; under Trotski’s regime, 10, 11; occupies territories lost under Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 12; independence, 13; Trotski proposes tranferring conscripts to ‘labour armies’, 14; and control of borderlands, 15; in 1920 war against Poland, 16, 17, 18; in L’s plans for ‘revolutionary war’, 19; Trotski sets up political commissariats, 20; and suppression of peasant uprisings, 21, 22, 23; suppresses Kronstadt naval mutiny, 24, 25

  Reinbot, General and Mrs, 1, 2

  religion: in Russian Empire, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Resolution on the Formation of a Workers’ and Peasants’ Government (1917), 1

  Revolutionary-Military Soviet, 1

  revolutions see February revolution; October revolution

  Ricardo, David, 1

  Rimski-Korsakov, Nikolai Andreevich, 1

  Romania, 1

  Romanov dynasty: status, 1; L works for overthrow of, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13; popular hatred of, 14, 15; family assassinated, 16; see also Nicholas II

  Romberg, Baron Gisbert von, 1, 2

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1

  Rossolino, Professor Grigori, 1

  Rovio, Gustav, 1, 2, 3

  Rozanov, Professor Vladimir, 1, 2

  Rozhkov, N.A., 1, 2

  Rudzutak, Jan, 1

  Rukavishnikov, Vladimir, 1

  Russ, Herr (Zurich butcher), 1

  Russell, Bertrand, 1

  Russia (pre-revolution; Russian Empire): development and change in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; education in, 6, 7; revolutionary ideas and movements in, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12; oppressiveness, 13; capitalism in, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20; famines, 21; agrarian economy, 22; popular unrest in, 23; Manifesto of reforms (1905), 24; Bolshevik activities in, 25; legalises political party newspapers, 26; at outbreak of war (1914), 27; L’s separation from in war, 28; wartime arrests of Bolsheviks, 29; L forecasts revolution in, 30; and outcome of First World War, 31; Bolshevik revolutionary aims in, 32; 1917 offensive in First World War, 33

  Russia (post-revolution): USSR founded, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; negotiates separate peace (1917–18), 7, 8, 9; terror in, 10; independent republics in, 11; as one-party state, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; isolation, 20; inter-republican constitutional structure, 21, 22, 23, 24; collapses (1991), 25

  Russian Bureau (of Central Committee), 1, 2, 3

  Russian Communist Party: L creates, 1; see also Bolsheviks

  Russian Organisational Commission, 1

  Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party: L’s proposals for, 1; draft programme, 2; Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 3, 4, 5; organisation, 6, 7, 8, 9; L’s dominance in, 10; favours revolution, 11; L recruits activists to, 12; and 1906 Duma elections, 13, 14; complicity in bank robberies, 15; factional disputes, 16, 17; L decides on Party Conference (1911), 18; Prague Conference (1912), 19; L’s reputation in, 20; bureaus, 21, 22

  Central Committee: reproaches L, 1; plenum (1910), 2; meets in Paris (1911), 3; elections and composition, 4; concentrates on Russian Empire, 5; organisation, 6; supports Provisional Government, 7

  Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (cont.) Congresses: 1st (1898), 1; 2nd (1903), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; 3rd (1905), 8, 9, 10, 11; 4th (1906), 12, 13; 5th (1907), 14, 15; 6th (1917), 16 see also Bolsheviks

  Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (RSFSR): relations with other republics, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Russian Thought (journal), 1, 2

  Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 1, 2, 3, 4

  Russo-Turkish War (1877–8), 1, 2

  Rykov, Alexei, 1, 2, 3

  Sabunaev, M.V., 1

  Safarov, Grigori, 1

  St Germain, Treaty of (1920), 1

  St Petersburg (Petrograd; Leningrad): University, 1, 2, 3; founded and built, 4; L in, 5, 6, 7; textile strike in (1895), 8; 1905 ‘Bloody Sunday’, 9; L returns to (1905), 10; Soviet, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; Krupskaya visits (1907), 20; connections with Kraków, 21; 1914 strikes, 22; Bolsheviks arrested in, 23; renamed Petrograd, 24; February 1917 revolution, 25; L stays in on 1917 return to Russia, 26, 27, 28; cultural vitality, 29; worker control of factories, 30; armed Bolshevik demonstrations (1917 ‘July Days’), 31, 32, 33; L returns to after refuge in Finland, 34; in October Revolution, 35, 36; L and Krupskaya reunited in, 37; L moves seat of government from, 38; L revisits, 39; Yudenich marches on, 40; L’s final visit (to 2nd Comintern Congress 1920), 41; 1921 strikes in, 42; renamed Leningrad, 43

  Samara, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Samara province, 1, 2 Samoilov, Fëdor A., 3

  Sapronov, Timofei D., 1 Sarajevo: 1914 assassinations, 2

  Sarbatova, Varvara, 1, 2, 3, 4

  Sasha (housemaid), 1, 2

  Savelev, Maximilian, 1 Schapiro, Leonard, 2

  Scientific Review, The, 1

  Second Socialist International see International, Second (Socialist)

  Semashko, Nikolai, 1, 2

  Serebryakov, L.P., 1

  Shalyapin, Fëdor, 1

  Shevyrëv, Pëtr, 1, 2

  Shklovski, G.L., 1

  Shlikhter, Alexander, 1

  Shlyapnikov, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

  Shmidt, Nikolai P.: legacy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Shotman, Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4 show trials, 5

  Shteinberg, Isaak, 1

  Shukht, Apollon, 1

  Shukht, Asya, 1

  Shushenskoe (Siberia), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Siberia: L exiled to, 1; peasant uprisings (1921), 2, 3

  Sibiryakov, Konstantin, 1

  Simbirsk (later Ulyanovsk), 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

  Simbirsk Provincial News, 1, 2

  Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard de, 1

  Sklyanski, E.M., 1

  Sklyarenko, Alexei, 1, 2

  Skobelev, Mikhail, 1

  Skvortsov, Pavel, 1, 2

  Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan I., 1

  slogans, 1, 2, 3

  Social-Democrat (newspaper), 1, 2

  socialism: L’s practice of, 1, 2; and international revolution, 3, 4, 5

  Socialist International, Second see International, Second (Socialist)

  Socialist-Revolutionaries see Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries

  Sokolniki, 1

  Sokolnikov, Grigori, 1, 2, 3

  Sokolov, V.N., 1

  Soloukhin, Valentin, 1

  Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 1

  Sorin, Vladimir, 1

  Soviet Union see Russia (post-revolution)

  soviets: established, 1; Bolsheviks despise, 2; L wishes to form basis of power, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; Bolsheviks enter, 9, 10; Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary strength in, 11; support Sovnarkom, 12; international usage, 13

  Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars): L sets up, 1; L chairs, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; exercises power, 7, 8; soviets support, 9; composition, 10; at Smolny Institute, 11; proceedings, 12; breaks up Constituent Assembly, 13, 14; asserts authority, 15; moves to Moscow, 16; represses Mensheviks, 17; and L’s socialist policies, 18; under authority of Politburo and Orgburo, 19; administration, 20; runs one-party state, 21

  Spartacus League (Germany), 1

  Spencer, Herbert, 1

  Spengler, Osvald: The Decline of the West, 1

  Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich: L denounces and attempts to remove (1923), 1, 2, 3; seized by Okhrana, 4; urges L to attempt to persuade Bolshevik deputies, 5; supports Provisional Government, 6; opposes land nationalisation, 7; efficiency, 8; lodges with Alliluevs, 9; shaves off L’s beard and moustache, 10; appointed Commissar for Nationalities Affairs, 11, 12; refuses compromise with socialist parties, 13; disbelieves European socialist revolution, 14, 15; recalls L from holiday for advice, 16; doubts on separate 1918 peace, 17; in Moscow, 18; disputes with Trotski, 19, 20, 21; L criticises for losses in Civil War, 22; in war against Poland, 23, 24, 25; dispute with L over European socialist union, 26; in ‘trade union discussion’, 27; approves introduction of NEP, 28; appendectomy, 29; and L’s suicidal state, 30, 31; as party General Secretary, 32; L proposes excluding from Central Committee, 33; opposes L on foreign trade and constitution, 34, 35, 36; L’s growing hostility to, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42; and L’s deteriorating condition, 43; and status of Georgia, 44, 45; allows L to dictate to secretaries during illness, 46; abuses Krupskaya, 47, 48; oversees L’s medical regime, 49; in L’s political testament, 50; orders burning of L’s ‘Letter to the Congress’, 51; displeased at L’s health improvement, 52; L rebukes by letter for abuse of Krupskaya, 53; attempts to persuade wife to cease being party member, 54; at 12th Party Congress, 55; rebuffs Trotski’s Left Opposition, 56; at L’s death and funeral, 57; advocates display of L’s corpse, 58; relations with Krupskaya after L’s death, 59; memorialises L, 60; dominance and regime after L’s death, 61, 62; and Great Terror, 63; initiates First Five-Year Plan, 64; Khrushchëv’s revelations on, 65, 66; prohibits publication of L’s correspondence, 67; Questions of Leninism, 68

  Starkov, Vasili V., 1

  Starokonstantinov, 1

  Stasova, Yelena, 1, 2

  state, the: disappearance under communism, 1; and terror, 2, 3, 4; monopolies, 5; one-party, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

  ‘state capitalism’, 1

  State Planning Commission, 1

  Stockholm: 4th Party Congress in, 1, 2; L meets mother in, 3, 4; L passes through on 1917 return to Russia, 5

  Stolypin, Pëtr: reforms, 1; 1907 constitutional coup, 2

  Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1, 2, 3

 

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