9 Davies, Dave. ‘Are Implanted Medical Devices Creating a “Danger Within Us”?’, NPR, 17 January 2018

  10 Golabchi, Asiyeh, et al. ‘Zwitterionic Polymer/Polydopamine Coating Reduce Acute Inflammatory Tissue Responses to Neural Implants’. Biomaterials 225 (2019), 119519

  11 Leber, Moritz, et al. ‘Advances in Penetrating Multichannel Microelectrodes Based on the Utah Array Platform’. In: Xiaoxiang Zheng (ed.), Neural Interface: Frontiers and Applications. Singapore: Springer, 2019, pp. 1–40

  12 Yin, Pengfei, et al. ‘Advanced Metallic and Polymeric Coatings for Neural Interfacing: Structures, Properties and Tissue Responses’. Polymers, vol. 13, no. 16 (2021), article 2834

  13 Aregueta-Robles, U. A., et al. ‘Organic electrode coatings for next-generation neural interfaces’. Frontiers in Neuroengineering, 27 May 2014

  14 ‘The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000’, NobelPrize.org

  15 Cuthbertson, Anthony. ‘Material Found by Scientists “Could Merge AI with Human Brain”’, The Independent, 17 August 2020

  16 Chen, Angela. ‘Why It’s so Hard to Develop the Right Material for Brain Implants’, The Verge, 30 May 2018

  17 Technically, there are also ways to inhibit action potentials, but that just means stimulating inhibitory neurons – which are the kinds of neurons that make other neurons not fire. But it’s still the same mechanism.

  18 Some companies try to understand how the body has interpreted the action potential by implanting even more electrodes to listen to the ensuing signals. But that carries additional surgical risk, and it’s certainly not happening in humans.

  19 Casella, Alena, et al. ‘Endogenous Electric Signaling as a Blueprint for Conductive Materials in Tissue Engineering’. Bioelectricity, vol. 3, no. 1 (2021), pp. 27–41

  20 Demers, Caroline, et al. ‘Natural Coral Exoskeleton as a Bone Graft Substitute: A Review’. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1 (2002), pp. 15–35

  21 Israel-based OkCoral and CoreBone grow coral on a special diet to make it especially suitable to grafting.

  22 Wan, Mei-chen, et al. ‘Biomaterials from the Sea: Future Building Blocks for Biomedical Applications’. Bioactive Materials, vol. 6, no. 12 (2021), pp. 4255–85

  23 DeCoursey, Thomas. ‘Voltage-Gated Proton Channels and Other Proton Transfer Pathways’. Physiological Reviews, vol. 83, no. 2 (2003) pp. 475–579, doi: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2002

  24 Lane, Nick. ‘Why Are Cells Powered by Proton Gradients?’. Nature Education, vol. 3, no. 9 (2010), p. 18

  25 Kautz, Rylan, et al. ‘Cephalopod-Derived Biopolymers for Ionic and Protonic Transistors’. Advanced Materials, vol. 30, no. 19 (2018), loc. 1704917

  26 Ordinario, David, et al. ‘Bulk protonic conductivity in a cephalopod structural protein’. Nature Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 7 (2014), pp. 596–602

  27 Strakosas, Xenofon, et al. ‘Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels’. Advanced Science, vol. 4, no. 7 (2017), loc. 1600527

  28 Kim, Young Jo, et al. ‘Self-Deployable Current Sources Fabricated from Edible Materials’. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 31 (2013), p. 3781, doi: 10.1039/C3TB20183J

  29 Ordinario, David, et al. ‘Protochromic Devices from a Cephalopod Structural Protein’. Advanced Optical Materials, vol. 5, no. 20 (2017), loc. 1600751

  30 Sheehan, Paul. ‘Bioelectronics for Tissue Regeneration’. Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency . Accessed 31 May 2022

  31 Kriegman, Sam, et al, ‘Kinematic Self-Replication in Reconfigurable Organisms’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 49 (2021), loc. e2112672118

  32 Coghlan, Simon and Kobi Leins. ‘Will self-replicating “xenobots” cure diseases, yield new bioweapons, or simply turn the whole world into grey goo?’, The Conversation, 9 December 2021

  33 Adamatzky, Andrew, et al. ‘Fungal Electronics’. Biosystems 212 (2021), loc. 104588, doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104588

  Chapter 10: Electrifying ourselves better

  1 Nitsche, Michael A., et al. ‘Facilitation of Implicit Motor Learning by Weak Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex in the Human’. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 15, no. 4 (2003), pp. 619–26, doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903321662994

  2 Trivedi, Bijal. ‘Electrify your mind – literally’, New Scientist, 11 April 2006

  3 Marshall, L, M. Mölle, M. Hallschmid, and J. Born. ‘Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory’. The Journal of Neuroscience vol. 24, no. 44 (2004), pp. 9985–92, doi: 10.1523/Jneurosci.2725-04.2004

  4 Walsh, Professor Vincent. ‘Cognitive Effects of TDC at Summit on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at the UC-Davis Center for Mind & Brain’, UC Davis YouTube channel, 8 October 2013 . The relevant section of the lecture begins around fourteen minutes in.

  5 Wurzman, Rachel et al. ‘An open letter concerning do-it-yourself users of transcranial direct current stimulation’. Annals of Neurology, vol 80, Issue 1. July 2016

  6 Aschwanden, Christie. ‘Science isn’t broken: It’s just a hell of a lot harder than we give it credit for’, Five Thirty-Eight, 19 August 2015

  7 Verma, N., et al. ‘Auricular Vagus Neuromodulation – A Systematic Review on Quality of Evidence and Clinical Effects’. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (2021), article 664740

  8 Young, Stella. ‘I’m not your inspiration, thank you very much.’ TED, June 2014, www.ted.com/talks/stella_young_i_m_not_your_inspiration_thank_you_very_much/

  9 Source is interview with the author at the International Neuroethics Society meeting, 2 November 2018. The issues are also explored in Drew, Liam. ‘The ethics of brain–computer interfaces’. Nature. 24 July 2019

  10 Strickland, Eliza. ‘Worldwide Campaign For Neurorights Notches Its First Win’, IEEE Spectrum, 18 December 2021

  11 Coghlan, Andy. ‘Vaping really isn’t as harmful for your cells as smoking’, New Scientist, 4 January 2016

  12 ‘Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Others’. In: Kathleen Stratton, Leslie Y. Kwan, and David L. Eaton (eds), Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes, Washington, DC: 2018, 24952

  13 Moehn, Kayla,Yunus Ozekin, and Emily Bates. ‘Investigating the Effects of Vaping and Nicotine’s Block of Kir2.1 on Humerus and Digital Development in Embryonic Mice’. FASEB Journal, vol. 36, no. S1 (2022)

  14 Benzonana, Laura, et al. ‘Isoflurane, a Commonly Used Volatile Anesthetic, Enhances Renal Cancer Growth and Malignant Potential via the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Cellular Signaling Pathway In Vitro’. Anesthesiology, vol. 119, no. 3 (2013), pp. 593–605

  15 Jiang, Jue, and Hong Jiang. ‘Effect of the Inhaled Anesthetics Isoflurane, Sevoflurane and Desflurane on the Neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (Review)’. Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 12, no. 1 (2015), pp. 3–12

  16 Robson, David. ‘This is what it’s like waking up during surgery’, Mosaic, 12 March 2019

  17 Edelman, Elazer, et al. ‘Case 30-2020: A 54-Year-Old Man with Sudden Cardiac Arrest’. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 383, no. 13 (2020), pp. 1263–75

  18 Hesham, R. Omar, et al. ‘Licorice Abuse: Time to Send a Warning Message’. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 3, no. 4 (2012), pp. 125–38

  19 Actually, I noticed two patterns: most of the scientists who got hit with the most scathing criticism were women. The men sometimes didn’t recall any trouble at all.

  20 Davies, Paul. The Demon in the Machine. London: Allen Lane, 2019,, p. 86

  21 McNamara, H. M., et al. ‘Bioelectrical domain walls in homogeneous tissues’. Nature Physics 16 (2020), pp. 357–64

  22 Davies, The Demon in the Machine, pp. 82–3

  23 Pietak, A., and Levin, M. ‘Exploring Instructive Physiological Signaling with the Bioelectric Tissue Simulation Engine’. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 4, article 55 (2016), doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00055

  INDEX

  Académie des sciences (France) ref1, ref2, ref3

  action potential ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and cancer ref1, ref2, ref3

  and the heart ref1, ref2, ref3

  and implants ref1

  and the spine ref1

  Adamatzky, Andrew ref1

  Adams, Dany Spencer ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  and cancer treatments ref1, ref2, ref3

  and protons ref1, ref2

  Adrian, Edgar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and Berger ref1, ref2

  afferent system ref1

  aggression ref1

  Agnew, William ref1

  AI (artificial intelligence) ref1

  alcohol ref1

  Aldini, Giovanni ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and Galvani ref1

  and resuscitation ref1

  algae ref1, ref2

  alkaline earth metals ref1

  Allen, Paul ref1

  alpha waves ref1

  Altmann, Margaret ref1

  Alzheimer’s disease ref1

  amber ref1, ref2, ref3

  Ampère, André-Marie ref1

  amputation ref1

  anaesthesia ref1

  Ancient Greece ref1

  Andara ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  animal electricity ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and the brain ref1

  and ovulation ref1, ref2

  and regeneration ref1, ref2

  and the spine ref1, ref2

  see also dogs; frogs

  animal spirits (pneuma psychikon) ref1, ref2, ref3

  anti-vivisectionism ref1

  Arcangeli, Annarosa ref1, ref2, ref3

  Arrhenius, Svante ref1

  arthropods ref1

  artificial electricity see batteries

  Ashcroft, Frances ref1, ref2

  The Spark of Life ref1

  atria ref1

  autism ref1, ref2

  Aw, Sherry ref1

  axons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  bacteria ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Badylak, Stephen ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bassi, Laura ref1, ref2

  Bates, Emily ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  batteries ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and Aldini ref1

  and frogs ref1

  and pacemakers ref1

  Beccaria, Giambattista ref1, ref2

  bed sores ref1

  Benabid, Alim-Louis ref1

  Benedict XIV, Pope ref1

  Berger, Hans ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Berger, Theodore ref1, ref2, ref3

  beta waves ref1

  BETR programme ref1

  BETSE (Bioelectric Tissue Simulation Engine) ref1

  Bettinger, Chris ref1

  biocompatible materials ref1

  bioelectric code ref1, ref2, ref3

  Bioelectricity (journal) ref1

  bioimpedance ref1

  biology ref1, ref2, ref3

  bioreactor ref1

  Bird, Golding ref1

  birth control ref1, ref2

  birth defects ref1, ref2

  Bissel, Mina ref1

  Blondel, Christine ref1, ref2

  blood ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Bohnert, Debra ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Bologna see University of Bologna

  bones ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and coral grafts ref1

  and healing ref1

  Bongard, Joshua ref1, ref2

  Borelli, Alfonso ref1

  Borgens, Richard ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

  Bouton, Chad ref1

  bradycardia ref1, ref2

  brain, the ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and chips ref1

  and computing ref1

  and ECG ref1

  and electro-therapy ref1

  and implants ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and neurons ref1

  and tumours ref1, ref2, ref3

  see also DBS; memory; neural code; tDCS

  BrainGate ref1, ref2

  Bresadola, Marco ref1, ref2, ref3

  Brugnatelli, Valentino ref1, ref2, ref3

  Buoniconti, Marc ref1

  Burkhardt, Ian ref1, ref2, ref3

  Burr, Harold Saxton ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

  Byron, Lord ref1

  calcium ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and cancer ref1

  and channels ref1, ref2, ref3

  and sperm ref1, ref2

  Campenot, Robert ref1

  cancer ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and ion channels ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and regeneration ref1

  and treatment ref1, ref2, ref3

  Carpue, Joseph ref1, ref2

  Carradori, Giovacchino ref1, ref2, ref3

  Catholicism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Caton, Richard ref1

  Cavuoto, James ref1, ref2, ref3

  Celestial Bed ref1

  cell membrane ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  cephalopods see squid

  Chernet, Brook ref1

  children ref1

  chitosan ref1, ref2

  chloride ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and cancer ref1

  and ovulation ref1

  and sperm ref1

  cilia ref1

  ClearEdge ref1

  cloning ref1

  Cobb, Matthew ref1

  coding ref1, ref2, ref3

  and bioelectric ref1, ref2, ref3

  and neural ref1, ref2

  Cohen, Adam ref1

  collagen ref1

  computers ref1

  Connecticut Medical Society ref1

  consciousness ref1, ref2

  Copeland, Nathan ref1

  Copernicus, Nicolaus ref1

  coral ref1

  Cormie, Peter ref1

  corpses ref1, ref2

  Coulomb, Charles ref1

  Covid-19 pandemic ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Crick, Francis ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul ref1

  CRISPR ref1

  Curt, Gregory ref1

  Cyberkinetics ref1, ref2, ref3

  cybernetics ref1, ref2

  DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and regeneration ref1

  and tDCS ref1

  Davies, Paul ref1, ref2

  DBS (‘deep brain stimulation’) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  De Loof , Arnold ref1

  death ref1, ref2; see also corpses

  defibrilation ref1

  Delgado, José ref1

  dementia ref1, ref2, ref3

  dendrites ref1

  depression ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and DBS ref1

  and tDCS ref1

  Dermacorder ref1, ref2

  Descartes, René ref1

  diabetes ref1, ref2, ref3

  die-back ref1

  Dixon, Mike ref1

  Djamgoz, Mustafa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  DNA ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Dobbs, David ref1

  dogs ref1, ref2

  Donoghue, John ref1, ref2, ref3

  drugs see medicine

  Du Bois-Reymond, Emil ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  eating disorders ref1

  ECG (electrocardiogram) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  ECoG (electrocorticography) ref1, ref2

  EEG (electroencephalogram) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  efferent system ref1

  eggs ref1

  Einthoven, Willem ref1, ref2

  electric fields ref1

  electric fish ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  electricity ref1, ref2, ref3

  and algae ref1

  and the brain ref1

  and embryos ref1

  and Galvani ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and the heart ref1

  and medical care ref1, ref2

  and regeneration ref1

  and resuscitation ref1, ref2

  and skin ref1, ref2

  and sperm ref1

  and the spine ref1

  and Volta ref1, ref2, ref3

  and wound-healing ref1, ref2

  see also animal electricity; ions; voltage readings

  electro-therapy ref1

  electrocardiography ref1

  electroceuticals ref1, ref2, ref3

  electromagnetism ref1

  electrome ref1, ref2, ref3

  electrometers ref1

  electrophorus ref1, ref2

  electrophysiology ref1, ref2, ref3

  electrostatic generators ref1, ref2, ref3

  Ellsworth, Oliver ref1

  embryos ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and regeneration ref1

  and stem cells ref1

  see also birth defects

  EMG (electromyograph) ref1

  endothelium ref1

  epigenetics ref1

  epilepsy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and drugs ref1, ref2

  epithelium ref1

  Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanism (Aldini) ref1

  eyes ref1, ref2, ref3

  Famm, Kris ref1

  Faraday, Michael ref1, ref2

 

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