Uncontrolled spread, p.55
Uncontrolled Spread, page 55
Baric, Ralph S., 363
Barrett, Amy Coney, 308, 381, 382, 384–85
Barry, John M., 179–80
Bars, 200, 243
Bat coronaviruses, 4–5, 36, 107, 282, 344, 357–58
RaTG13, 4–5, 462n
B cells, 321–23, 325, 455n
Becker, Scott, 110, 126–27
Bedford, Trevor, 60–62, 67–68, 245, 384–86, 388, 466–67n
BEI Resources, 419–20n
Beta coronaviruses, 36, 361
BGI Genomics, 29
Biden, Joe (Biden administration), 233, 383
lab leak theory, 362–63
testing, 429n
vaccines, 317, 347, 392–93
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 62, 283
BinaxNOW, 141, 142, 382
BioCentury, 310
Biofire Respiratory Pathogen Panel, 74–75, 412n
Biogen, 221
Biological manufacturing capacity, 313–19
BioNTech, 327–30, 332, 333, 336
BioReference Laboratories, 271
Bioterrorism, 166, 170, 172, 180–81, 270–71, 284, 329–30, 348
BioWatch, 270
Birx, Deborah
reporting systems, 239, 240–41
sequencing data, 245
testing, 137–38, 152
travel bans, 353
Black Americans, 209–10, 236, 390–91
Blood pressure medicines, 76
Bloomberg News, 155, 384
Bolsonaro, Jair, 204
Bootsma, Martin, 189
Borio, Luciana, 24
Bossert, Tom, 160
Boston, 210, 211, 221
Bourla, Albert, 331, 334–35, 336–37, 347
Bradley, Daniel W., 276
Bradway, Bob, 268–69
Brazil, 100, 204, 338, 375, 392–93
Bremberg, Andrew, 37, 43–44, 266
Brennan, Margaret, 205–6, 312–13, 358
Bristol Meyers Squibb, 137
Broad Institute, 165–66, 372
Bronchiolitis, 343
BSL-3 (biosafety level 3) labs, 357, 359, 360
BSL-4 (biosafety level 4) labs, 357, 359, 360, 364
Burr, Richard, 99
Bush, George W. (Bush administration), 3, 174, 348
pandemic preparedness plan, 3, 19, 21, 179–82, 186–87, 243–44, 283, 431–32n
Business closures, 200, 231
California. See also Los Angeles; San Francisco
first cases in, 60
stay-at-home order, 150
Cambridge Working Group, 358–59
Camels and MERS, 281, 282, 362
Canada
H1N1 vaccine, 392, 467n
SARS outbreak of 2002, 40–41
screening system, 91
CARES (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security) Act of 2020, 45, 155, 163, 207
Case-based interventions, 70–71
Case fatality rate (CFR), 82–83, 429n
CD4 (helper T) cells, 322
CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells, 322
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 4, 8, 378
airport screenings, 18, 22
asymptomatic transmission, underestimation of, 84–85
case definition, 64, 131–33
children and COVID, 223, 226–27
Chinese government access and, 47–50
Community Mitigation Guidance, 200
contaminated surface spread, overestimation of, 84–85, 210–12, 230, 249
Core Lab, 95, 121
COVID test. See CDC tests
Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, 188
early community spread, 85–87
Emergency Operations Center, 56, 104, 106
Epidemic Intelligence Service, 345
first reported cases, 56–57
H1N1 swine flu tests, 95, 124, 126, 134
intelligence gathering, 345–46
mask wearing, 249–53
MERS tests, 121, 171, 279
mind-set of, 6, 171–72, 242, 247, 248, 349
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 47–48, 88, 89, 107–8
Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, 270
pandemic preparedness and, 112, 348–49, 366
press conference of February 25, 88–90
Public Health Emergency of International Concern, 32–33
reporting. See CDC reporting
Respiratory Virology Lab, 107–8, 121–22
school closures, 234
screening systems, 4, 92–93
sequencing data, 244–47, 373–75
social distancing, 213–14, 219, 232
Strategic National Stockpile, 160
surveillance, 73–74, 75–76, 78–91, 232, 234–35, 378
vaccines, 228–29
Zika virus, 99–105, 169
Zika virus tests, 23, 100–106, 108
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) reporting, 228–54
exposure time, 232
flu data, 228–29, 238–39
genetic sequencing, 244–47, 373–75
hospitalization data, 237–38, 239–42
initial reporting, 15–16, 17–18, 21, 35
lack of real-time data, 228–31, 242–44, 249
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports, 228, 230
political pressures on, 233–37
quarantine period, 231–32
shortcomings of, 228–31, 238–42
social distancing, 232
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) tests, 23–24, 94–99, 136, 142
Chu’s study, 66–70
criteria for, 131–33
Emergency Use Authorization, 97–98, 108–9, 118–19
restrictions, 98–99
testing capacity, 147–50, 164–67
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) tests, failures of, 70–71, 99, 105, 107–35, 137–38, 146–48, 167–69, 389–90
after-action report, 123
contaminated components, 107, 111–17, 119–20, 121–23, 166
contingency plans, 112–13
contracting process, 111–12
first indication of problems, 109–10
IDT kits, 117–19, 147, 148–49, 153, 166, 419n
intellectual property rights, 112, 133–34, 274–76
manufacturing problems, 110, 111–12, 124–25, 166
N1 component, 107, 110, 114–16, 119–20, 122
N2 component, 107, 110, 114–16
N3 component, 107–16, 119–20, 122
“primes,” 120–21
telephone call of February 26, 115, 116–17
test blueprints, 96–97, 117, 147
testing capacity, 147–50, 164–67
cDNA, 63, 410n
Cell-based vaccines, 183–85, 186–17
Centers for AIDS Research, 152
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. See CDC
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 142, 169, 180
Cepheid GeneXpert, 382
Cervical cancer vaccine, 329–30
Cetron, Martin, 188–89, 194
Cheney, Liz, 45
Chicago
community spread, 89–90, 208, 210, 211
first cases in, 59–60
superspreading event, 221
Chicken eggs and flu vaccines, 182–85, 186–87, 324
Children, 222–27. See also School closures
measles outbreak of 2018, 16–17
China
air travel bans, 20–21, 90–91, 131
Belt and Road Initiative, 91
censorship in. See Chinese government censorship
drug shortages, 157
H1N1 swine flu outbreak, 350, 360
H5N1 bird flu outbreak, 178–79
H7N9 bird flu outbreak, 38, 318, 396
initial reporting, 17–18
intelligence services, 346
lockdown, 20–21, 42, 44–45, 51
miner illness of 2012, 4–5, 281, 401–2n
origins of SARS-CoV-2 in. See China, and origins of SARS-CoV-2
outbreak in Wuhan. See Wuhan outbreak
personal protective equipment, 162–63
RaTG13, 4–5, 462n
repatriation of Americans, 21–22, 24, 188
SARS outbreak, 14–15, 40–41, 44, 53, 57–58, 182, 282, 350, 351, 359–60, 378, 391–92
social distancing, 214
tracking and reporting cases, 230
vaccines, 320, 323–24, 337–38, 457n
WHO and, 20–21, 31–34, 36–39, 43, 44–45
China, and origins of SARS-CoV-2, 3, 5, 14–15, 29–36, 39–40, 353–63, 370–71, 379
first cases, 26–27, 39–40
genetic sequencing, 27–28, 29–30, 33–34, 35–37, 53–54
initial reporting, 14–15
lab leak theory, 354–65, 379, 461n
Wuhan’s Huanan Seafood Market, 15, 26–27, 31, 34–35, 37, 48–49, 70, 373, 406n
China National Health Commission, 30, 36, 42–43, 50
Chinese government censorship, 31–34, 36–43, 46, 47–54, 57, 353–54
CDC’s lack of access, 47–50
death of Li Wenliang, 30–31, 42
early samples of SARS-CoV-2, 32–34, 37–38, 39–41
reporting requirements, 32–34, 37–38, 42–44, 51, 182
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 48, 49–50, 359, 360
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 50
Chiron Corp., 180, 275–76
Chloroquine (hydroxychloroquine), 290–96, 450n
Christakis, Nicholas, 344
Christie, Chris, 308–9, 383
Chu, Helen, 62–72, 84
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
vaccine program in Pakistan, 369–70
World Intelligence Review, 368
Cities Readiness Initiative, 187
Citizen Lab, 31–32
Clinical trials, 286–90
of Pfizer vaccine, 333–36
Clinton, Bill (Clinton administration), 341–42
CNBC, 19, 23, 85, 87, 138, 263, 335–36
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), 283–84
Cobas PCR, 149–50
Coffee shops, 243
Cohen, Mandy, 153
Collecting patient samples, 29, 121–22, 128, 272–74
Community mitigation. See Mitigation
Community spread, 2–3, 85–88
CDC’s February 25 press conference, 88–90
Compassionate use, 305–6
Congregate settings, 144, 145, 146
Conley, Sean, 306
Contact tracing, 11, 69, 70–71, 86, 211, 215, 218, 231, 261–63, 264, 383–85, 445–46n
children and, 222–23, 224–25
for flu, 172
in Italy, 262
in South Korea, 260–61
Containment, 4, 17, 20, 23, 44–45, 60, 181, 194–95
Contaminated surfaces (fomites), 84–85, 210–12, 230, 249, 389–90
Convalescent plasma, 297–99
Copan Diagnostics, 153–55
Corbett, Kizzmekia, 328
Coronavac, 323
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act of 2020, 45, 155, 163, 207
Coronavirus strains, 4–5, 36, 97, 107. See also specific strains
Coronavirus Task Force. See White House Coronavirus Task Force
COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access), 347
#COVID19, 87–88
COVID-19 testing. See Testing
COVID-19 Test Capacity Tracker (@COVID2019tests), 148
COVID Tracking Project, 131, 241
COVID-19 vaccines. See Vaccines
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 284
Crimson Contagion, 201
Croskey, John W., 191–92
CSL Limited, 467n
Cuccinelli, Ken, 77
Cumulative exposure, 232
Cuomo, Andrew, 117, 130–32
Curevac, 332
CVS Pharmacy, 202
Cytokines, 29, 307, 322, 434n, 456n
Cytokine storm, 29, 307, 434n
Cytomegalovirus, 332
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 285, 378
Data safety monitoring board
(DSMB), 334–35
Daszack, Peter, 357
Death certificates, 231
De Blasio, Bill, 117, 128–29
Defense, U.S. Department of (DOD), 154, 156, 161, 285, 294, 345, 366
Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950, 287
Dengue fever, 101, 102
Denmark, 214
Detroit, 208, 210
DeWine, Mike, 221–22
Dexamethasone, 288
Diabetes, 390–91
Diagnostic tests. See Testing
Dialysis facilities, 300–301
Dick, Philip K., 248
Disease forecasting, 248–49
Disease surveillance. See Surveillance
DNA amplification, 63, 152, 410n
Domestic Policy Council (DPC), 14, 16, 17, 243–44, 266
“Doom loop,” 91
Drago, Al, 384–85
Drive-through testing sites, in South Korea, 259–60
Drug manufacturing, 161–63, 265–69, 313–19
Drug side effects, 235, 293–94, 330, 332–33
Ebola virus, 21, 57, 284, 309, 310, 348, 350, 352, 366, 372, 378
E. coli outbreak, 129–30
Eisenhower Executive Office Building, 59, 381
Eli Lilly, 308–9, 311–14, 388, 453n
Ellison, Larry, 292–93
Elmhurst Hospital, 2
Embecovirus, 356
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), 97–98, 103, 108–9, 118–19, 126, 258
hydroxychloroquine, 292–94
Pfizer vaccine, 336
Emergent BioSolutions, 316–17
Enterovirus (EV-D68), 16–17
Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 345
Epitope, 456n
Erasmus Medical Center, 364–65
Erbitux, 453–54n
European Union (EU) and
vaccines, 392
Expanded access, 305–6
Eylea, 453–54n
Facebook, 129
Face masks. See Masks
Face the Nation (TV show), 205–6, 312–13, 358
Fauci, Anthony
asymptomatic spread, 131
community spread, 78, 85–87
initial reporting, 21
manufacturing capacity, 318–19
social distancing, 218
testing, 131, 218
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 378
antibody drugs, 305–6, 311
clinical trials, 286–87
convalescent plasma, 297–99
COVID tests. See FDA (Food and Drug Administration) testing
drug manufacturing, 265–69
drug side effects, 235
flu season of 2017, 228–29
hydroxychloroquine, 291–29
lab supply shortages, 157–58
political pressures on, 294–302
remdesivir, 57, 240
SARS-1 outbreak, 14–15
sequencing data, 373–74
vaccines, 229, 299–302
Zika virus, 169
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), Gottlieb as Commissioner of, 10, 14, 17, 76, 178, 185, 203, 228–29, 235
HIV/AIDS, 136–37
Hurricane Maria, 265–66, 267–69
supply chains, 156–57
use of Twitter, 87–88, 129–30
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) testing, 94–98, 142, 143, 146, 154, 164, 168–69, 274–75
CDC failures, 108–19, 121, 123, 135–36, 147–48, 164, 166
emergency use authorization, 97–98, 103, 108–9, 118–19
LDTs, 125–28
in New York City, 128–31
sensitivity and specificity, 66, 67
Singleplex, 103, 104
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 125–26
FedEx Corporation, 203, 273
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1, 8, 268
Ferguson, Neil, 189
Fifteen-minute rule, 232
Flaccid paralysis, 16–17
Flaviviruses, 101, 102
Flavus, 101
Florida, 213, 215–16
Florida Department of Education, 213
Florida Department of Health, 281
FluNet Global Influenza Surveillance System, 220
Flu pandemic of 1918. See Spanish flu of 1918
Flu season. See Influenza season
Flu vaccines. See Influenza vaccines
Foege, William, 209, 438n
Fomites, 84–85, 210–13, 230, 249, 389–90
Food and Drug Administration. See FDA
Ford Motor Company, 208
Fort Collins Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory, 103, 104–6
Foshan, China, 351
Fourth Liberty Loan Parade, 190–191
Fourth Naval District, 189
Fox News, 291, 303
France, 214, 375
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 60–61
Freedom of Information Act, 236
Frost, Wilfred, 85–86
Furin cleavage site, 356–57, 361–62
Gain-of-function research, 358–59
Gao Fu (George F. Gao), 48–49, 50, 70, 406n
GAO (Government Accountability Office), 105, 244
Gates, Bill and Melinda French, 62, 283
Gawande, Atul, 170
General Motors, 208
Generic drug companies, 136–37, 203
Genetic epidemiology (gen epi), 61, 385–87
Genetic sequencing, 371–77, 386–87, 464n
Bedford’s analysis, 60–62, 67–68, 95, 245, 384–86, 388, 466–67n
CDC and, 244–48
China’s refusal to share samples, 36–37, 53–54
of Ebola, 372
of H5N1, 177–78
initial sequencing, 27–28, 29–30, 33–34, 35–37, 375
privacy concerns, 464n
role in national security, 371–77
vaccines and, 320, 327–28, 331–32
White House outbreak, 384–87, 388
Geneva University Hospital, 224
GenomeTrakr, 373–74
George, Dylan, 248
Georgetown University Law Center, 352
Georgia, 9, 221
Germany, 197, 214, 283
Gertner, Jon, 386
Gilead Sciences, Inc., 137
Giroir, Brett, 82–83, 145, 148, 154, 316, 382
GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., 467n
Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), 68, 247, 374
Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, 350–51
Gostin, Lawrence, 352
Graham, Barney, 328
Grand Hyatt Washington, 135–36
Great Influenza, The (Barry), 179–80
Grogan, Joe, 14–18, 23, 77, 78
Gruber, Bill, 335
Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Center, 355
