[219] Friedrich Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 231.

  [220] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 272.

  [221] Friedrich Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 230.

  [222] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 476.

  [223] Friedrich Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 232.

  [224] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 159.

  [225] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I p. 275.

  [226] K. Marx and F. Engels, On Religion (Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), pp. 54-55.

  [227] Ibid., p. 56.

  [228] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 247. See also Ibid., pp. 250, 251.

  [229] Frederick Engels, "The Housing Question," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 623.

  [230] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I. pp. 49-50.

  [231] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, p. 41.

  [232] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, P. 12.

  [233] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, p. 43.

  [234] Ibid., p. 30.

  [235] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, P. 94n.

  [236] Ibid.

  [237] For example, Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), p. 11: J. A. Schumpeter, "The Communist Manifesto in Sociology and Economics," Journal of Political Economy, June 1949, p. 205n.

  [238] Frederick Engels, "Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume II, p. 167. This has been treated by J. A. Schumpeter as a misstatement based on the emotionalism of the moment, but in fact Engels' graveside statement repeated almost verbatim what he had said six years earlier (Ibid., p. 164), and which had not been corrected or modified by Marx. See J. A. Schumpeter, "The Communist Manifesto in Sociology and Economics," Journal of Political Economy, June 1949, p. 205n.

  [239] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 94n.

  [240] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, pp. 483-484.

  [241] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 247.

  [242] Karl Marx & Frederick Engels, Letters to Americans, translated by Leonard E. Mins (International Publishers, 1953), p. 161.

  [243] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, translated by Martin Nicolaus (Vintage Books, 1973), p. 885.

  [244] Friedrich Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, pp. 240-241.

  [245] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 272.

  [246] Friedrich Engels, "Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, pp. 237-238.

  [247] Ibid., p. 235.

  [248] Ibid., p. 237.

  [249] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 481.

  [250] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 275.

  [251] Ibid.

  [252] J. A. Schumpeter, Essay of J. A. Schumpeter, edited by Richard V. Clemence (Addison-Wesley Press, Inc., 1951), p. 171.

  [253] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 26.

  [254] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, p. 39.

  [255] Ibid., p. 40.

  [256] Ibid., p. 49. See also Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, p. 123.

  [257] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, p. 46.

  [258] Ibid.

  [259] Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 334.

  [260] Ibid., pp. 334-335.

  [261] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 259.

  [262] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 26.

  [263] Ibid., p. 20.

  [264] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 13.

  [265] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 310.

  [266] Ibid., p. 353. See also Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 837.

  [267] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 354.

  [268] Ibid., pp. 85, 118, 144. David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 281-282.

  [269] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 144.

  [270] Ibid., p. 147.

  [271] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I (Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1919), pp. 163, 787.

  [272] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (International Library Publishing Co., 1904), pp. 269-270.

  [273] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, translated by Martin Nicolaus (Vintage Books, 1973), p. 258. See also Ibid., p. 449.

  [274] Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring] (International Publishers, 1939), p. 230.

  [275] Karl Marx, "Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I (Foreign Language Publishing House, 1955), p. 90.

  [276] Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, (Foreign Languages Publishing house, 1961), p. 37.

  [277] Karl Marx, "Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 103.

  [278] Ibid., p. 90.

  [279] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 562. See also Ibid., p. 188.

  [280] Ibid., p. 839.

  [281] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, p. 458.

  [282] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 809.

  [283] See, for example, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, edited by Lewis S. Feuer (Anchor Books, 1959), p. 30; Karl Marx Grundrisse, p. 769; Friedrich Engels, Engels on Capital, translated & edited by Leonard E. Mins (International Publishers Co., Inc., 1937), pp. 6-7; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 89, 241, 259-260, 261.

  [284] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 241.

  [285] Ibid., p. 836.

  [286] Ibid., p. 261.

  [287] Ibid., p. 809.

  [288] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 62.

  [289] Ibid., p. 773.

  [290] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 835.

  [291] Ibid., p. 834.

  [292] Ibid., p. 684. See also Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring].

  [293] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume, p. 837.

  [294] Friedrich Engels, "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings, ed., Lewis S. Feuer (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1959), p. 92.

  [295] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, translated by Dona Torr (International Publishers, 1942), p. 58.

  [296] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Basic Writings, p. 12.

  [297] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 10.

  [298] Ibid., pp. 10-11.

  [299] Ibid., p. 38.

  [300] Ibid., p. 11.

  [301] Frederick Engels, "Marx's Capital," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, pp. 468-469.

  [302] K. Marx and F. Engels, On Religion (Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), p. 272.

  [303] Friedrich Engels, "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 107.

  [304] According to Hegel, "contradiction" was "the very moving principle of the world," rather than something which was "unthinkable." G.W.F. Hegel, The Logic of Hegel, translated by W. Wallace (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1892), p. 223.

  [305] "Letters and Essays on Political Sociology," Marx and Engels, Basic Writings, pp. 450-451, 480-481. A modern translator, apparently embarrassed by Marx's statements on this subject, declared blandly: "Marx's English in the above sentence has been altered to conform to modern usage." In short, he put his words in Marx's mouth, because Marx's words are politically embarrassing today. See Karl Marx, Grundrisse, translated by Martin Nicolaus (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. 798n.

  [306] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Basic Writings, pp. 16-17.

  [307] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 48.

  [308] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 390-391.

  [309] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (International Publishers, 1952), p. 385.

  [310] Ibid., p. 368.

  [311] Karl Marx, "Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I, p. 87.

  [312] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 140.

  [313] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 13.

  [314] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 686-687.

  [315] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 836.

  [316] Ibid., p. 837.

  [317] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (International Library Publishing Co., 1904), pp. 269-270; Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (International Publishers, 1963), pp. 160, 186; Karl Marx, Grundrisse, translated by Martin Nicolaus (Vintage Books, 1973), pp. 85-87, 513, 832; Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, translated by Dona Torr (International Publishers, 1942), p. 199.

  [318] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III (Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1909), p. 568; Frederick Engels, Herr Eugene Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring] (International Publishers, 1939), p. 312; Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (International Publishers, 1952), p. 394.

  [319] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, pp. 424, 433; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume II, p. 476; Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring], p. 312.

  [320] Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring], p. 312.

  [321] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume II. pp. 475-476.

  [322] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 568.

  [323] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 406.

  [324] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 303.

  [325] Paul M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development (Monthly Review Press, 1956), Chapters IX, X.

  [326] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 694.

  [327] Ibid., p. 128.

  [328] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III. P. 220.

  [329] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, pp. 29, 47, 64, 66, 81, 104-105, 106; Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring], pp. 335, 338; Karl Marx, Grundrisse, p. 205; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 46, 106n; Karl Marx Theories of Surplus Value, p. 381. For the same concept, in language not precisely identical, see also Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 68, 62, 90.

  [330] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, p. 66; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 45, 53, 54, 58, 67, 73-74.

  [331] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, pp. 23, 33-34, 63-64, 81; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 45, 51, 59, 60, 67, 101, 223; Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 381.

  [332] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, pp. 45, 47, 59, 81; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 106n; Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 381; Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring], pp. 335, 338.

  [333] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 221. See also Frederick Engels, Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science [Anti-Dühring], p. 338.

  [334] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 46.

  [335] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 399.

  [336] Karl Marx, Capital, p. 120.

  [337] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, pp. 106, 232, 246; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 45.

  [338] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 185n.

  [339] Ibid., p. 184.

  [340] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 203.

  [341] "Their price is this exchange value of theirs, expressed in money," Karl Marx, Grundrisse, p. 137. When not expressed in money, exchange-value was simply the ratios at which goods exchanged for each other. See, for example, Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, pp. 43, 56.

  [342] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 95n. See also Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, p. 29; Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, pp. 18-19.

  [343] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 43.

  [344] Ibid., p. 43. See also Ibid., pp. 45, 70, 95n.

  [345] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 745.

  [346] Ibid., p. 1026.

  [347] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 232. "Volume II" as originally conceived by Marx contained what was posthumously published as Volumes II and III, including the "transformation" of values into prices. See Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 215.

  [348] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, p. 13.

  [349] Frederick Engels, "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy," Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961), p. 195.

  [350] Ibid., p. 195.

  [351] Ibid., pp. 195-196.

  [352] Ibid., p. 196.

  [353] Cf. Paul M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, p. 190.

  [354] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, "Manifesto of the Communist Party," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (Anchor Books, 1959), p. 10.

  [355] For example, Martin Bronfenbrenner cites Paul M. Sweezy, who in turn cites a number of other economists—not including Karl Marx. Martin Bronfenbrenner, "Das Kapital for the Modern Man," Science & Society, Fall 1965, p. 419; Paul M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, Chapter XI.

  [356] See Thomas Sowell, Say's Law: An Historical Analysis (Princeton University Press, 1972), Chapters 2, 3.

  [357] David Ricardo, The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, ed. Piero Sraffa (Cambridge University Press, 1952), Volume VIII, p. 277.

  [358] Paul M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, Chapter XI.

  [359] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 568.

  [360] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, p. 750.

  [361] Friedrich Engels, "Letters on Historical Materialism," Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, p. 401.

  [362] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 292.

  [363] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 373n.

  [364] G.W.D. Hegel, "The Doctrine of Essence," Hegel Selections, ed. J. Lowenberg (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929), p. 119.

  [365] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, pp. 147, 240, 351, 406, 410; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 116. Perhaps the conclusive evidence is that Marx used the term "contradiction" when describing his own theories. Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 173; Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 282.

  [366] Quoted in Herbert Marcuse, Reason and Revolution, 2nd edition (The Humanities Press, 1954), p. 124.

  [367] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 837.

  [368] Paul M. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, p. 176.

  [369] Karl Marx, Capital, Vollume III, p. 359.

  [370] Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence, p. 205.

  [371] Ibid., p. 204.

  [372] Frederick Engels, Paul and Laura Lafargue, Correspondence, Volume I, translated by Yvonne Kapp (Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959), p. 134.

  [373] Friedrich Engels, "Preface," Karl Marx, Capital, Volume II, p. 9.

  [374] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, p. 412.

  [375] Karl Marx, Grundrisse, p. 413. See also Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 368.

  [376] Karl Marx, "Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Volume I (Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1955), p. 86.

  [377] Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, p. 128, See also Ibid., p. 119.

  [378] Thomas Sowell, Say's Law, Chapter 1.

  [379] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 396.

  [380] Ibid., p. 393.

  [381] Ibid., p. 379.

  [382] Ibid., p. 371.

  [383] Ibid., pp. 203, 369.

  [384] Ibid., p. 369.

  [385] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume III, p. 979n.

  [386] Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, p. 232.

  [387] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, p. 370.

  [388] Ibid., p. 408.

  [389] David Ricardo, The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Volume II, 306; Volume VIII, 277; John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, ed. W. J. Ashley (Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909), p. 559.

  [390] James Mill, Elements of Political Economy, 3rd edition (Henry G. Bohn, 1844), pp. 228, 231, 237, 241; John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, p. 559; John Stuart Mill, Collected Works (University of Toronto Press, 1967), Volume IV, pp. 17-18, 42.

  [391] Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, p. 136.

  [392] Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, translated by Jack Cohen S. W. Ryazanaskaya (Progress Publishers, 1971), Part III, p. 102. This is the only reference to this particular edition. All subsequent citations of Theories of Surplus Value refer to the edition already referred to in previous footnotes.

 

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