34 BL Harleian 7623, f. 15.

  35 Ibid.

  36 Ibid., f. 15V.

  37 Ibid.

  38 Ibid.

  39 BL Harleian MS 6988, f. 112r.

  40 BL Harleian 7623, f. 17V.

  41 Ibid., f. 17r.

  42 Ibid., f. iov.

  43 Ibid.

  44 CSPD 1638-9, Eds John Bruce and W. D. Hamilton (London, 1871), p. 2 (2nd September, 1638).

  45 BL Harleian 7623, f. 18v.

  46 CSPD 1640-41, Ed. W D. Hamilton (London, 1882), p. 333 (n.d. 1640).

  47 BL Harleian MS 6988, f. 101.

  48 UN Pw V/25, f- 7r

  49 BL Harleian MS 7623, f. 14.

  50 Ibid., f. 17V.

  51 Ibid., f. 14V.

  52 Ibid.

  53 Clarendon State Papers (Oxford, Clarendon Printing House, 1773), Vol. 2, pp. 7-8, Mr Secretary Windebank to the Earl of Newcastle (19th March, 1637).

  54 Ibid., Newcastle to Windebank, 'Welbeck' (21st March, 1637).

  55 For example, Christopher Falkus, The Life and Times of Charles II (London, 1972), p. 18.

  56 TNA SO 1/3, f. 8v, quoted in Sharpe (1992), p. 243.

  57 CSPD 1639, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1873), pp. 508-9, Bishop Duppa (18th September, 1639).

  58 John Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn, Ed. E. S. de Beer (Oxford, 1955), Vol. 4, p. 410 (6th February, 1685).

  59 Derek Wilson, All the King's Women (London, 2003) p. 2.

  60 Sheffield City Archives, Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, Strafford Papers, 18/57.

  61 Ibid., 18/76.

  62 Hutchinson (1973), p. 61.

  63 Grose and Astle (1807-9), Vol. 2, pp. 313-17; TNA E 317 Surrey 46, reproduced in W H. Hart (Ed.), The Parliamentary Surveys of Richmond ... 1649 (1871, copy at Richmond Local Studies Library), p. 3.

  64 HMC Report of the Manuscripts of the Earl of Denbigh, part V (London, 1911), p. 8.

  65 C. P. Hill, Who's Who in Stuart England (London, 1988), pp. 94-5.

  66 CSPD 1639-40, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1877), p. 459 (14th February, 1640).

  67 Hart (n.d.), p. 4.

  68 Grose and Astle (1807-9), Vol. 2, pp. 313-17; Hart (n.d.), p. 4.

  69 Antonia Fraser, King Charles II (1979), p. 13.

  70 George Conn, papal agent at the court of Henrietta Maria, to Francesco Barberini (17th September, 1638), quoted in Edward Chaney, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion (Geneva, 1985), p. 309.

  71 BL Harleian 7623, f. 9.

  72 CSPD 1638-9, Eds John Bruce and W. D. Hamilton (London, 1871), p. 182 (20th December, 1638).

  73 BL Harleian MS 6988, f. 112r.

  74 Evelyn, Diary, Vol. 4, p. 410 (6th February, 1685).

  75 Hart (n.d.), p. 4.

  76 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 151.

  77 Quoted in Cunnington (1951), p. 39.

  78 Ibid., pp. 40-3.

  79 Ibid., pp. 42-3, 32.

  80 CSPD 1638-39, Eds John Bruce and W D. Hamilton (London, 1871), p. 485 (19th February, 1639).

  81 BL Add MSS 70499, f. 252, Edward Kyrton to the Earl of Newcastle (20th August, 1641).

  82 CSPD 1639-40, Ed. W.D. Hamilton (London, 1877), p. 154 (10th December, 1639).

  83 Quoted in Richard Corson, Fashions in Hair (London, 1980), pp. 209, 213.

  84 Sheffield City Archives, Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, Strafford Papers, 18/96.

  85 Fraser (1979), p. 12.

  86 BL Harleian MS 6988, f. 95.

  87 For example, see CSPD, 1638-9, Ed. John Bruce (London, 1871), p. 179. 88 BL Harleian 7623, f. 16.

  88 BL Harleian 7623,f.16.

  89 Ibid.

  90 CSPD 1639/40, Ed. W D. Hamilton (London, 1877), p. 378; BL MS 70499, f. 242, The Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery to the Earl of Newcastle (29th September, 1639).

  91 CSPD, 1640-41, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1882), p. 486; CSPD 1639-40, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1877), p. 179 (19th December, 1639).

  92 BL Add MS 70499, f. 237.

  93 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 7; CSPD, 1641-3, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1877), Vol. 1, p. 62 (29th July, 1641), Thomas Wiseman to Sir John Pennington.

  94 Airs (1995), p. ix.

  95 Hart (n.d.), p. 4.

  96 John Timbs and Alexander Gunn, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England and Wales (London and New York, n.d.), p. 137.

  97 Peter Eisenberg's notes on England (1614), quoted in W Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners (London, 1865), p. 172.

  98 Cloake(i995), pp. 194-5.

  99 'Orders and regulations for the government of the Queen's Household, made May 1, 1627, and signed by their Majesties', in A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household (London, 1790), p. 340.

  100 Grose and Astle (1807-9), PP- 313—17.

  101 BL Harleian 7623, f. 9.

  102 Sharpe (1992), p. 218.

  103 Judith Richards, '"His Nowe Majestie" and the English Monarchy', Past and Present, No. 113 (November, 1986), p. 81.

  104 BL Harleian 7623, f. 17.

  105 Ibid.

  106 Ibid., f. 4r.

  107 UN Pw V/25, f- 68v.

  108 CSPD 1637-8, Ed. John Bruce (London, 1869), p. 361 'The Earl of Newcastle is made groom of the stole to the Prince, and his sole gentleman of the bedchamber' (12th April, 1638).

  109 Quoted in Cloake (1995), p. 142.

  110 There is no evidence to connect the scene to this particular day, but a print of Wenceslaus Hollar's view of Richmond Palace shows the princes and their governor making an outing to the river bank. Although the figure in the print is not named as William Cavendish, my reasons for the identification are as follows: Hollar's original drawing of Richmond Palace shows a different group of figures on the bank (M. R. Toynbee, 'Views of Richmond Palace in the Reign of Charles I', The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. XXVIII Quly-Oct., 1948], pp. 163-5). The print was issued in 1638, the year that William was appointed governor to the prince, and the party shown clearly includes the two little princes, wearing hats, while their attendants are bareheaded. The dominant attendant is likely to have been William, as the date of the engraving connects it with the setting up of the prince's household and William's appointment as its head.

  111 Cloake (1995), p. 185.

  112 Ibid.,p. 188.

  113 Eiche(i998), p. 12.

  114 Ibid., pp. 13-14.

  115 Cloake (1995), p. 180.

  116 Ibid., p. 181. 117 Richmond Palace,

  117 Richmond Palace, c.1630, by an unknown artist. Fitzwilliam Museum.

  118 The colours can only be seen in painted versions of the engraving, cf. Toynbee (1948), p. 165.

  119 Fraser (1979), p. 19.

  120 CSPD 1639, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1873), pp. 508-9 (18th September, 1639).

  121 CSPD 1640-41, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1882), p. 6 (2nd September, 1640).

  122 Ibid., pp. 11, 32, 33, (4th September, 1640, 9th September, 1640).

  123 CSPD, 1641-3, Ed. W D. Hamilton (London, 1877), Vol. 1, pp. 8, 18.

  124 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 9; CSPD, 1641-3, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1877), Vol. 1, p. 24.

  CHAPTER 6: A BATTLE

  1 Bod. Clarendon State Papers, 181, an original endorsed by Clarendon 'Sir Hugh Cholmley's Memorials'.

  2 John Barratt, The Battle for York, Marston Moor, 1644 (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2002), p. 71.

  3 Clarendon (1888), Vol. 3, pp. 382-3.

  4 HMC Portland, Appendix, Part 1 (London, 1891), Vol. 1, p. 701.

  5 Ian Roy, 'Rupert, Prince and Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Cumberland (1619-1682)', Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).

  6 Clarendon (1888), Vol. 3, pp. 382-3. 7 Warwick (1701), p. 236.

  7 Warwick (1701), p. 236.

  8 John Morrill, 'Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).

  9 BL Harleian MS 6988, f. 173, Charles I to William (Oxford, 5th April, 1643).

  10 Ibid., f. 145, Henrietta to William (Newark, 18th June, 1643).

  11 BL Harleian MS 7003, f. 25, Henrietta Maria to William (Oxford, 15th March, 1643).

  12 BL Harleian MS 7359, f. 7r.

  13 NADD.P6.1. 19.26.

  14 As visible in York Public Library, 'A Draught of His Majesties Manner house at York', Jacob Richards (c.1685).

  15 RCHM 78, Hastings (London, 1930), Vol. 2, p. 128, Per(cy) Tomkins to Mrs. (Sarah) Fretchville (5th May, 1644).

  16 Tristram Hunt, The English Civil War at First Hand (London, 2002), p. 126.

  17 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 121.

  18 Ibid., p. 140.

  19 Eliot Warburton, Memoirs and Correspondence of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers (London, 1849), Vol. 2, p. 446, quoting notes to Prince Rupert's diary.

  20 Anon., The Pythouse Papers, p. 19, quoted by Longueville (1910), pp. 137-8.

  21 Warwick (1701), p. 243.

  22 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 47.

  23 Barratt (2002), p. 70.

  24 Steve Murdoch and Tim Wales, 'King, James, Lord Eythin (1589-1652)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).

  25 Sir Hugh Cholmley, 'Memorials Touching the Battle of York', quoted in Anon., English Heritage Battlefield Report: Marston Moor, 1644 (1995), P- 19

  26 Roy (2004), p. 5.

  27 Reproduced in Emberton (1995), p. 116; Roy (2004).

  28 Roy (2004), p. 5.

  29 Bowles (1981), p. 101.

  30 BL Thomason Tracts, E.3/17, A DOGS ELEGY, OR RUPERT'S TEARS (London, 1644).

  31 Warburton (1849), Vol. II, p. 438.

  32 Barratt (2002), p. 80.

  33 Sir Hugh Cholmley, 'Memorials Touching the Battle of York', quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 19. The timing of the various conversations between Prince Rupert and William varies in the various accounts of the battle. I have taken the liberty of including a variety of sources rather than relying on any particular one.

  34 Sir Henry Slingsby, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 18.

  35 English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 1.

  36 Simeon Ashe, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p.

  37 Quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 4.

  38 Sir Henry Slingsby, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (i995), P- 18.

  39 Quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p.4.

  40 Simeon Ashe, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p.11.

  41 Barratt (2002), p. 84.

  42 Ivan E. Broadhead, Yorkshire Battlefields (London, 1989), p. 165.

  43 Peter Newman, The Battle of Marston Moor (Chichester, 1981), pp. 76-7.

  44 Barratt (2002), p. 100.

  45 'A More Exact Relation of the late Battell neere York' by Scoutmaster General Lionel Watson, serving in the Earl of Manchester's army, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 15.

  46 Mrs Thornton, quoted in Newman (1981), p. 63.

  47 Lionel Watson, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p.15

  48 Rupert's diary, quoted in Barratt (2002), p. 97.

  49 Quoted in Barratt (2002), p. 149.

  50 Barratt (2002), pp. 84-5.

  51 This exchange is taken from Bod. Clarendon MS 1805. It is worth noting that this was written some years after the battle.

  52 Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 19.

  53 Bod. Clarendon MS 1805.

  54 Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (i995), P- 19

  55 Bod. Clarendon MS 23, f. 23or, notes on events in the north (n.d.) in Clarendon's own hand.

  56 Barratt (2002), p. 105.

  57 Arthur Trevor, a Royalist, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995)> P- 5; Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 19.

  58 Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 19.

  59 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 47.

  60 Lionel Watson, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (199$), p. 6.

  61 Simeon Ashe, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 11.

  62 Ibid.

  63 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 48.

  64 www.earlofmanchesters.co.uk/MarstonMoor.html (consulted 15th May, 2005).

  65 Captain William Stewart, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 6.

  66 Barratt (2002), p. 131.

  67 Lionel Watson, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 16.

  68 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 48.

  69 Captain John Vernon (a Parliamentarian cavalry officer), The Young Horseman (1644), BL Thomason Tracts £.48(8), p. 43.

  70 Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 19.

  71 Arthur Trevor, royalist messenger, quoted in Hunt (2002), p. 129.

  72 Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 19.

  73 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 48.

  74 Lionel Watson, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p.7

  75 Quoted in John Morrill, 'Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), p. 6.

  76 Simeon Ashe, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 12.

  77 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 49.

  78 W.H., a captain in the army of the Eastern Association, quoted in Barratt (2002), p. 109.

  79 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 49.

  80 William Lilley, quoted in Barratt (2002), p. 136.

  81 Lieutenant-Colonel James Somerville, a Scot, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report (1995), p. 7.

  82 Sir Hugh Cholmley, quoted in English Heritage Battlefield Report {1995)> P- 19

  83 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 50. 84 Lionel Watson, quoted in Hunt (2002), p. 130.

  84 Lionel Watson, quoted in Hunt (2002), p. 130.

  85 Sir Henry Slingsby, quoted in Barratt (2002), p. 141.

  86 Newman (1981), p. 127.

  87 'The father and son think it very opportune to renew the treaty with my Lord of Newcastle; and thereupon Sir John writes that letter, which was after (at the battle of York) taken in my Lord's cabinet and cost both the Hothams their heads.' Quoted by Longueville (1910), p. 97.

  88 Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 50.

  89 Warburton (1849), Vol. 2, p. 468.

  90 Clarendon (1888), Vol. viii, p. 82.

  91 BL Add MS 70499, f. 258.

  92 BL Thomason Tracts, E 279(2), 'The Character of an Oxford Incendiary' (London, 26th April, 1645), p. 7.

  93 CSPD, 1644, Ed. W. D. Hamilton (London, 1888), p. 379 (25th July, 1644).

  94 Quoted in Geoffrey Trease, A Portrait of a Cavalier (London, 1979), p. 143.

  CHAPTER 7: A HOUSEHOLD DIVIDED

  1 William Cavendish (1667), p. (b)2 v.

  2 Elaine Walker, '"To Amaze People with Pleasure and Delight": An Analysis of the Horsemanship Manuals of William Cavendish, First Duke of Newcastle (1593-1676)', University of Birmingham Ph.D. (2005).

  3 William Cavendish (1667), p. 50.

  4 Ibid., p. (b)2; Margaret Cavendish (1667), p. 67.

  5 BL Add MS 70499, f. 196.

  6 Elizabeth McGrath, 'The Painted Decoration of Rubens's House', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol. 41 (1978), pp. 245-77. As has often been pointed out, the restorers of Rubens's house in the 1940s, working from the Harrewijn plates, mistakenly thought that the heavy decoration on the 'Italian' part of the building was sculpted in relief rather than painted with a three-dimensional effect.

  7 Rutger J. Tijs, P. P. Rubens en J. Jordaens, Barok in Eigen Huis (Antwerp, 1983).

 

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