Ink, p.28
INK!, page 28
86 Cooper, Claude McKay, p.467
87 Ibid., p.484
88 Ibid., p.490
89 Tillery, Claude McKay, p.176
90 McKay, ‘When I Have Passed Away’ (1922), Claude McKay: Complete Poems, p.166
91 McKay, Claude McKay: Complete Poems, p.xi
Chapter Four
1 The German police raided its office at least three times, the first during the harbour workers’ strike in Hamburg in October 1931, the second in December 1931, when the police confiscated pamphlets and other propaganda material, and the third time in February 1933, resulting in the cessation of all of its activities in German. Weiss, Holger, ‘The Road to Moscow: On Archival Sources Concerning the ITUCNW in the Comintern Archive’, History in Africa, Vol. 39, (Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp.361–393. See also Padmore to ‘Dear Comrades’, add: ‘für Otto Huiswood’, Hamburg, 16.11.1931, 534/3/668, 120r, RGASPI. See further Weiss, ‘Framing a Radical African Atlantic’, Studies in Global Social History, Vol. 14 (Brill, Leiden, etc., 2014), pp.302–303
2 Murray-Brown, Jeremy, Kenyatta (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1973), p.166
3 Other birth dates have been recorded. Special branch list 28 June 1900 but 28 June 1903 widely reported, while 28 July appeared on his passport. Author has opted for 28 June 1903. Secret Padmore papers CO968/1193, 7 February 1952
4 Hooker, James R., Black Revolutionary: George Padmore’s Path from Communism to Pan-Africanism (London: Pall Mall Press, 1967), p.6
5 Ibid., p.3
6 Schwarz, West Indian Intellectuals in Britain, p.132. Schwarz states Padmore left ‘days’ after the marriage. Dr Leslie James states he arrived in NYC on 29 December 1924, see James, Leslie, ‘“What We Put in Black and White”: George Padmore and the Practice of Anti-Imperial Politics’ (LSE thesis, London, 2012), p.50. Quotes Ellis Island Record Collection, www.ellisisland.org (search passenger lists for Malcolm Nurse; shows the arrival date, etc.)
7 James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.53
8 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.5
9 Ibid., p.7
10 James, C.L.R., At the Rendezvous of Victory (London: Allison & Busby, 1984), p.254; James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.41
11 Makonnen, Ras, Pan-Africanism from Within (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p.120
12 Padmore, George, ‘Awakened Negro Youth’, Negro Champion, 22 June 1928
13 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.14
14 Lewis, Rupert, ‘George Padmore: Towards a Political Assessment’, Baptiste and Lewis (eds), George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary (Kingson, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2008), p.204
15 Posgrove, Carol, Ending British Rule in Africa (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009), p.2
16 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, pp.13, 14
17 Ibid., p.15
18 Ibid., p.24
19 Adi, Hakim, Pan-Africanism: A History (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018), p.153
20 RGASPI 495/155/86: 290, 294, quoted in Miller, Pennybacker and Rosenhaft, ‘Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys’, The American Historical Review, Vol. 106 No. 2, April 2001, pp.399, 387–430
21 James, Leslie, George Padmore and Decolonization from Below (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p.27
22 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.20, Letter Y. Berger to Hooker, 7 March 1967
23 George Padmore to James Ford, 17 March 1931. RGASPI 534/3/668, item 46; quoted in James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.73
24 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.3; James, C.L.R., Notes, p.290
25 Pennybacker, Susan D., From Scottsboro to Munich (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009), p.75; RGASPI 534/3/755 Padmore to Maxton, 1 June 1932; 165; Maxton to Padmore, 23 June 1932
26 Miller, Pennybacker and Rosenhaft, ‘Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys’, The American Historical Review, p.395
27 Pennybacker, From Scottsboro to Munich, p.24
28 The Negro Worker, August–September 1933, p.17; Cunard, Nancy, Negro Anthology (London: Wishart & Co., 1934), p.565
29 Vaughan, David A., Negro Victory (London: Independent Press Ltd, 1950), p.14
30 The Negro Worker, Vol. 2, No. 7, 15 July 1932, p.13
31 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.26
32 Ibid., p.3
33 Chisholm, Anne, Nancy Cunard: A Biography (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1979), p.267
34 James, George Padmore and Decolonization from Below, p.27. Historian Susan Pennybacker argued that while in Hamburg in 1932, Padmore suffered from ‘a spiralling pattern of frustration with Comintern arrangements or their absence’
35 Nancy Cunard to Dorothy Padmore, November 1959. Cunard MSS 17/10, quoted in James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.89
36 Weiss, Holger, ‘Framing a Radical African Atlantic’, Studies in Global Social History, Vol. 14 (Brill, Leiden etc., 2014), p.579. Quotes 26 Bill, Über die Festnahme und Ausweisung des Gen. Padmore [Report on the arrest and deportation of Comrade Padmore], no date [filed: 20.4.1933], 534/4/461, 124, RGASPI
37 Padmore to comrades, 6 March 1933. RGASPI 534/3/895, item 111-16. Pennybacker, From Scottsboro to Munich, p.77
38 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.30
39 Weiss, ‘Framing a Radical African Atlantic’, Studies in Global Social History, p.579
40 Padmore to Comrades, 6 and 7 March. RGASPI 534/3/895. Quoted in James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.90
41 ‘Fascist Terror Against Negroes in Germany’, The Negro Worker, Vol. 3 Nos 4–5, April–May 1933, p.1; Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.4
42 Lewis, ‘George Padmore: Towards a Political Assessment’, Baptiste and Lewis (eds), George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary, p.206
43 ‘A Betrayer of the Negro Struggle’, The Negro Worker, Vol. 4 No. 2, June 1934, p.6. Please note October 1933–34 The Negro Worker suspended
44 James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.21
45 George Padmore letters 1930–45 [Padmore’s correspondence with Cyril C. Ollivierre], Padmore to Ollivierre, 28 July 1934, SCMG624, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, MS, Archives and Rare Books division; Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.4.
46 James, C.L.R., George Padmore: Black Marxist Revolutionary – A Memoir, edited text of a talk given in north London in 1976 libcom.org/article/george-padmore-black-marxist-revolutionary-memoir-clr-james [accessed 12 April 2024], James, At the Rendezvous of Victory, pp.254–256
47 Ibid.
48 Trewelha, Paul, ‘The Death of Albert Nzula and the Silence of George Padmore’, Searchlight South Africa, Vol. 1 No. 1, September 1988, pp.64–69
49 James, C.L.R., Notes, pp.24–25; Minkah Makalani, In the Cause of Freedom (Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), states Kenyatta in slightly different version, p.193
50 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.42
51 Ibid., p.43
52 Solanke would state that the NPU had been ‘conceived, born and mothered by Amy’. Martin, Tony, Amy Ashwood Garvey: Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Amies (Massachusetts: The Majority Press, 2007), p.86. ‘In 1946 in a lecture in Kano, Nigeria, Solanke described WASU as a direct outgrowth of the NPU’, ibid., p.86
53 Martin, Amy Ashwood Garvey, p.106. Amy’s newspaper tribute to Ali was published between 1926 and 1928 in Harlem
54 Padmore to Solanke, 21 February 1934, quoted in Adi, Hakim, West Africans in Britain: Nationalism, Pan-Africanism and Communism (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998), p.77
55 ‘The Truth About Aggrey House: An Exposure of the Government Plan for the Control of African Students in Great Britain’, Wasu, London, 1934. Also Wasu, Vol. 3 No. 1, March 1934, p.3
56 The Negro Worker, August–September 1933, p.17
57 Vischer to A. de Wade, 8 July 1935, PRO CO323/1342/6652 pt2
58 Makonnen, Pan-Africanism from Within, p.146
59 Both these terms (Abyssinia/Ethiopia) were used interchangeably at the time
60 ‘Signor Mussolini and Abyssinia’, Spectator archive, p.1 archive.spectator.co.uk/article/17th-may-1935/1/signor-mussolini-and-abyssinia-the-speech-of-signo [accessed 12 April 2024]
61 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.12. Padmore, ‘Ethiopia and World Politics’, The Crisis, May 1935, p.139
62 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.29. Padmore papers, Padmore to Ollivierre, 30 March 1938, SCMG624, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, MS, Archives and Rare Books Division
63 The International Friends of Ethiopia: a public meeting. Record held in TUC archives, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick. MSS.292/963/2, www.layersoflondon.org/map/records/the-international-friends-of-ethiopia-a-public-meeting/gallery/1 [accessed 12 April 2024]
64 Pankhurst set up her own paper, The New Times and Ethiopian News, in 1936 and became a friend and adviser to Haile Selassie, eventually moving to Addis Ababa in 1956. When she died there in 1960, she was given a full state funeral. Ashwood Garvey later called Pankhurst ‘the outstanding feminist of the century’
65 Report in The Scotsman, 29 July 1935, p.10
66 Makonnen, Pan-Africanism from Within, p.114
67 Ibid., p.114
68 Ibid., p.119
69 Padmore, George, How Britain Rules Africa (London: Wishart, 1936), p.8
70 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.18; ‘Books and Publications’, The Economist, 26 September 1936
71 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.31; UK/TNA, mEPO38/91/99495, Metropolitan Police, Special Report: Wallace-Johnson, 6 July 1937
72 International African Opinion, issue 1, July 1938, p.1
73 Padmore, George, ‘Hands off the Colonies’, Controversy, Vol. 2 No. 17, February 1938, www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1938/fascism-colonies [accessed 11 March 2024]
74 Grant, Colin, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey (London: Vintage, 2009), p.441
75 Ibid., p.443
76 Ibid., p.2. C.L.R. James later eulogised Garvey, in an interview on BBC Radio 4 ‘Up, You Mighty Race’, 1987, James acknowledged that ideological differences should not have obscured their common cause. Notes Grant, pp.1, 2
77 Matera, Marc, Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century (California: University of California Press, 2015), p.93
78 Ryan, Selwyn D., Race & Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago (London: Faber & Faber, 1952), pp.60, 66–68; eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90060/2/SXCaribbean%5B1%5D%5B1%5D.pdf [accessed 12 February 2024]
79 In 1944, in a heavily censored letter to Ollivierre, he mentioned ‘the ordeal of air attacks’ and of sending stamps as a present to Blyden – the letter was returned by the censor, illustrating the difficulties of maintaining the relationship. George Padmore letters, 1930–45, SCMG624, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division
80 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.29
81 Bourne, Stephen, Mother Country: Britain’s Black Community at the Home Front, 1939–45 (Cheltenham: The History Press, 2020), pp.21–22
82 Padmore to Ivar Holm, 23 July 1946, Nkrumah MSS/Howard/154-41, folder 14; quoted in James, ‘What We Put in Black and White’, p.160
83 James, Hall, Braithwaite, ‘“A Microcosm of the World”: C.L.R. James, the Complete Unaired 1976 BBC Interview’, The New York Review of Books, 21 December 2024, p.13
84 Padmore, George, ‘The British Empire is Worst Racket Yet Invented by Man’, The New Leader, 15 December 1939, www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1939/worst-racket.htm [accessed 12 February 2024]
85 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.55
86 James, C.L.R., Notes, p.82
87 Thompson, Vincent B., ‘George Padmore: Reconciling Two Phases of Contradictions’, Baptiste and Lewis (eds), George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary (Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2009), p.204
88 James, George Padmore and Decolonization from Below, p.81
89 Report, Daily Mirror, 3 September 1943, p.8
90 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.62
91 Padmore, G., and Cunard, N., White Man’s Duty (London: W.H. Allen, 1943). Sold for 9p and was reprinted. Chisholm, Anne, Nancy Cunard: A Biography (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1979), p.267
92 ‘Atlantic Charter’, History.com, www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/atlantic-charter [accessed 13 July 2023]
93 Vaughan, David A., Negro Victory (London: Independent Press Ltd, 1950), p.121
94 Sherwood, Marika, World War II: Colonies and Colonials (London: The Savannah Press, 2013), pp.89–90
95 Hooker, Black Revolutionary, p.77
96 Killingray, David, ‘To Do Something for the Race: Harold Moody and the League of Coloured Peoples’, Schwarz, West Indian Intellectuals in Britain, p.66
97 Adi, Hakim, ‘George Padmore and the 1945 Manchester Conference’, Baptiste and Lewis, George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary, p.109
98 James, George Padmore: A Black Marxist Revolutionary – A Memoir libcom.org/article/george-padmore-black-marxist-revolutionary-memoir-clr-james [accessed 12 February 2024]
99 Makalani, Minkah, In the Cause of Freedom (Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), p.224
100 Padmore, George, Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa (London: D. Dobson, 1956), pp.148–149
101 Daily Herald, 17 October 1945, p.3, quoted in Adi, Hakim, and Sherwood, Marika, The 1945 Pan-African Conference Revisited (London: New Beacon Books, 1995), p.44
102 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.101
103 Ibid., p.89
104 CO968/1193 FCO Secret Padmore Papers. Whitehall 3781/2. Letter from Maj. Gen. Sir Edward Louis Spears to Henry Hopkinson, 22 May 1953.
105 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.106
106 Padmore authored, along with numerous pamphlets: The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers (1931); How Britain Rules Africa (1936); Africa and World Peace (1938); How Russia Transformed Her Colonial Empire (1946); Africa: Britain’s Third Empire (1949); The Gold Coast Revolution (1953); Pan-Africanism or Communism? (1956)
107 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.126. Quotes Wright’s biographer Hazel Rowley on this ‘act of betrayal’ (Rowley, Richard Wright, p.437)
108 Wright papers, Padmore to Richard Wright, 5 December 1955; quoted also in Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.149
109 James, C.L.R., Notes, p.55
110 James, C.L.R., MSS ca 1942–1974, LMC 1552, Folder 1, Carbon letter James to friends (not identified, 11 March 1957), Lilly Library, Indiana, quoted in Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.155
111 The US Embassy in Accra reported to the Department of State on 9 August 1958, quoted Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.162
112 Drake in Shepperson and Drake, ‘The Fifth Pan-African Conference, 1945 and the All-African People’s Congress, 1958’, Contributions in Black Studies, Vol. 8, Article 5, p.63. scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol8/iss1/5 [accessed 12 February 2024]
113 Posgrove, Ending British Rule in Africa, p.163. Wright Papers (D. Padmore), Pizer to R. Wright, 31 October 1959
114 Ibid., p.164; Cunard Collection, Box 17, Folder 10, D. Padmore to Cunard, 24 October 1959
115 James, George Padmore: A Black Marxist Revolutionary – A Memoir libcom.org/article/george-padmore-black-marxist-revolutionary-memoir-clr-james [accessed 12 February 2024], part of unpublished MS
116 Adi, Hakim, and Sherwood, Marika, Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787 (London: Routledge, 2003), p.152
Chapter Five
1 The Keys, Issue 1, Vol. I, July 1933, p.8
2 Scobie, Edward, Black Britannia: A History of Blacks in Britain (London: Johnson Publishing Company, 1972), p.146
3 Jarrett-Macauley, Delia, The Life of Una Marson 1905–65 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010), p.51
4 Ibid., p.51
5 Daily Gleaner, 28 September 1936, p.5
6 The Daily Mirror, 26 February 1936, p.11
7 Jarrett-Macauley, The Life of Una Marson, p.1
8 Ibid., p.11
9 Ibid., p.8
10 Ford-Smith, Honor, ‘Una Marson: Black Nationalist and Feminist Writer’, Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 34 No 3/4, Women in West Indian Literature, II (September/December 1988), p.26
11 Reckord, Michael, ‘Marcus Garvey and the Performing Arts pt 2’ feat. Rupert Lewis, UWI Professor Emeritus in Political Thought jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20161027/marcus-garvey-and-performing-arts-pt-2, 26 October 2016 [accessed May 2024]
12 Jarrett-Macauley, The Life of Una Marson, p.30
13 Ibid., p.32
14 Ibid., p.39
15 Killingray, David, Downie, James Alan, ‘Race, Faith and Politics: Harold Moody and the League of Coloured Peoples’ (Goldsmiths College 1999), p.13
16 Ibid., p.13
17 The Keys, the official organ of the League of Coloured Peoples (Vols 1–7, 1933–39), with an introductory essay by Roderick Macdonald (New York: Millwood, NY, Kraus Thomson Organisation Ltd, 1975), p.9. Makonnen, Ras, Pan-Africanism from Within (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp.126–7
18 Vaughan, David A., Negro Victory (London: Independent Press Ltd, 1950), p.56
19 Morris, Sam, ‘Moody – The Forgotten Visionary’, New Community, 3.1, Spring 1972, p.192; Harold Moody, The League of Coloured Peoples and African Issues, Biennial conference – African Studies Association UK
20 Ibid., p.192
21 Killingray, Downie, ‘Race, Faith and Politics’, p.15
22 The Keys, Issue 1, Vol. I, July 1933, p.1
23 Ibid., p.13
24 The Keys, Issue 1, Vol. III No. 1, July–September 1935, p.4
25 The Keys, Issue 1, Vol. I No. 2, p.28, October 1933
26 The Sphere, January 1934, p.61
27 The Keys, April 1934, Vol. 1 No. 4, p.66
28 The Keys, Vol. 2 No. 3, January–March 1935, pp.45–46
29 Report: ‘The Keys, Concert at Indian Students hostel’, The Keys, Vol. 1 No. 3, 1 January 1934, p.48
30 Jarrett-Macauley, The Life of Una Marson, p.68
