Sinkable, p.30
Sinkable, page 30
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happened upon the San Juan: “Wreck Believed from 1565,” The Gazette (Montreal, Canada), November 16, 1978.
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Operation Drake discovered: “1699 Scottish Shipwreck Discovered,” The Post-Crescent (Appleton, WI), April 28, 1979.
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“On the bottom of the ocean are mineral deposits”: “Mining the Wealth of the Ocean Deep,” The New York Times, July 17, 1977.
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the quantities underwater: Wil S. Hylton, “History’s Largest Mining Operation Is About to Begin,” The Atlantic, January/February 2020.
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Hjalmar Thiel went to a part of the Pacific Ocean: Olive Heffernan, “Seabed Mining Is Coming—Bringing Mineral Riches and Fears of Epic Extinctions,” Nature, July 24, 2019, updated August 16, 2019.
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Howard Shatto realized that if a captain: Surender Kumar, Dynamic Positioning for Engineers (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2020).
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a strand of spaghetti: Suzanne O’Connell, “Scientists Have Been Drilling into the Ocean Floor for 50 Years—Here’s What They’ve Found So Far,” The Conversation, September 26, 2018, https://theconversation.com/scientists-have-been-drilling-into-the-ocean-floor-for-50-years-heres-what-theyve-found-so-far-100309.
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a blown-out well off Santa Barbara, California: Robert Olney Easton, Black Tide: The Santa Barbara Oil Spill and Its Consequences (New York: Delacorte Press, 1972).
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twelve wells off the Louisiana coast: “Offshore Oil Blaze Blasted Out After Burning Since Last Dec. 1,” The New York Times, April 13, 1971.
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a semisubmersible called the Deepwater Horizon: Evan Thomas and Daniel Stone, “Black Water Rising,” Newsweek, June 7, 2010.
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Massachusetts-based Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: “History & Legacy,” Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, accessed July 14, 2020, https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/about-us/history-legacy.
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“I looked up and saw this huge ball of fire”: Gerry Haden, “Palomares Bombs: Spain Waits for US to Finish Nuclear Clean-Up,” BBC News, October 22, 2012.
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the support cables holding the Alvin snapped: “Happy Birthday Alvin: 50 Years of Discovery,” The Maritime Executive, June 4, 2014, https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/Happy-Birthday-Alvin-50-Years-of-Discovery-2014-06-04.
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held that the ship had sustained: “Hunt for Tomb of the Titanic,” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 10, 1979.
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any survey “had to go through me”: Doug Woolley, in-person interview by author, London, March 7, 2020.
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a model for forecasting the breakdown: Keith Muckelroy, “The Integration of Historical and Archaeological Data Concerning an Historic Wreck Site: The ‘Kennemerland,’ ” World Archaeology 7, no. 3 (1976): 280–90.
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“Only complete excavation can preserve”: Muckelroy, “The Integration of Historical and Archaeological Data Concerning an Historic Wreck Site: The ‘Kennemerland.’ ”
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CHAPTER 9: PEOPLE THINK SINKING SHIPS IS EASY
a crashed Aer Lingus plane: Historical Diving Times: The Newsletter of the Historical Diving Society (Southampton, UK: Historical Diving Society, 2007).
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the story of the General Grant grew darker: Madelene Ferguson Allen and Ken Scadden, The General Grant’s Gold: Shipwreck and Greed in the Southern Ocean (Auckland, New Zealand: Exisle Publishing Limited, 2009).
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a French ship called the Anjou: Charles H. Lagerbom, “Siren Call of the General Grant: Shipwreck and Gold Fever with a Maine-Built Ship,” Coriolis: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Maritime Studies 8, no. 2 (2018).
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he brought in Woolley: Doug Woolley, telephone interview by author, September 22, 2020.
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“I got the sense”: Doug Woolley, telephone interview by author, August 16, 2020.
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He read dozens of books: “Lord Mersey’s Report on the Loss of the ‘Titanic,’ ” Nature 89 (1912): 581–84, doi:10.1038/089581d0.
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Grattan mapped out his plan: “Hunt for Tomb of the Titanic,” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 10, 1979.
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large-holed nets with fine mesh: Craig McClain, “An Empire Lacking Food,” American Scientist, November–December 2010.
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“Most species are rare”: Robert R. Hessler and Peter A. Jumars, “Abyssal Community Analysis from Replicate Box Cores in the Central North Pacific,” Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 21, no. 3 (1974): 185–209, doi:10.1016/0011-7471(74)90058-8.
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to the seafloor under Antarctic ice: “Unknown Animals Found Under Antarctic Ice,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, November 3, 1977.
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While anchored near the Galápagos: Sharon Proctor, “Waterworld,” The Province (Vancouver, BC), March 7, 1982.
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it rivaled the rich biodiversity: “Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor: Hot Springs and Strange Creatures,” USGS, last updated June 24, 1999, https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/exploring.html.
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By illustrating the wonders: Rachel Carson, The Sea Around Us (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1951).
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man-made reefs could help: Frank W. Steimle and Richard B. Stone, Bibliography on Artificial Reefs (Washington, DC: Coastal Plains Center for Marine Development Services, 1973).
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Alabama Department of Conservation initiated: Recreational Fisheries Management Subcommittee of the Technical Coordinating Committee, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, “A Profile of Artificial Reef Development in the Gulf of Mexico,” December 1993.
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Florida officials were sinking: Donald W. Pybas, Atlas of Artificial Reefs in Florida (Gainesville: Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida, 1991).
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thousands of tires: “Florida Retrieving 700,000 Tires After Failed Bid to Create Artificial Reef,” The Guardian, May 22, 2015.
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“People think sinking ships is easy”: Tim Mullane, telephone interview by author, October 16, 2020.
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The Queen Mary was launched: John Maxtone-Graham, Queen Mary 2: The Greatest Ocean Liner of Our Time (New York and Boston: Bulfinch, 2004).
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it’s been falling apart: Julia Hatmaker, “How ‘America’s Flagship’ Ended Up Decaying Outside of an Ikea: The Story of the SS United States,” Penn Live—Patriot-News, November 22, 2016.
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“one of the world’s most dangerous jobs”: Peter Gwin, “The Ship-Breakers,” National Geographic, April 2014.
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John Grattan’s proposed survey: Christopher Dobson, “How We Will Find the Tomb of the Titanic,” Now!, October 19–25, 1979.
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Disney and National Geographic, joined forces: John P. Eaton and Charles A. Haas, Titanic: Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1996).
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the tall ship Bounty: National Transportation Safety Board, “Marine Accident Brief: Sinking of Tall Ship Bounty,” February 6, 2014, https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAB1403.pdf.
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a Florida-based company: Dan Spurr, “Unsinkable: The History of Boston Whaler,” Professional Boatbuilder, March 26, 2019, https://www.proboat.com/2019/03/unsinkable-the-history-of-boston-whaler.
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Point Nemo is the unofficial dumping ground: Dave Mosher, “A Spacecraft Graveyard Exists in the Middle of the Ocean—Here’s What’s Down There,” Business Insider, October 22, 2017, https://www.businessinsider.com/spacecraft-cemetery-point-nemo-google-maps-2017-10.
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“Time is working against us”: Douglas Woolley, letter to Philip Slade, Ilford, UK, 1979, Woolley personal archives.
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CHAPTER 10: A HEIFER CORRALLED IN A BOX CANYON
“Well, you won’t get very far”: Doug Woolley, telephone interview by author, April 16, 2020.
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That was how he had built: Jack Grimm and William Hoffman, Beyond Reach: The Search for the Titanic (New York and Toronto: Beaufort Books, 1982).
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He had begun at age eleven: Robert Mcg. Thomas Jr., “Jack F. Grimm, 72, Is Dead; A Seeker of Oil and Legends,” The New York Times, January 9, 1998.
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they spent their honeymoon: Edward Helmore, “Obituary: Jack Grimm,” Independent (UK), January 19, 1998, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-jack-grimm-1139665.html.
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“This is the ark”: Thomas, “Jack F. Grimm, 72, Is Dead.”
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cursory study of weather patterns: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
“I’ve never heard a mouth”: Doug Woolley, in-person interview by author, London, March 6, 2020.
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long-disputed CQD mystery: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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The City of Cairo was sunk: Joel Gunter, “Record Dive Rescues $50m Wartime Silver from Ocean Floor,” BBC News, April 15, 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32316599.
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When the Rhakotis was off the coast: Guðmundur Helgason, “City of Cairo: British Steam Passenger Ship,” uboat.net, accessed November 14, 2020, https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ship/2383.html.
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“When you see something that could be a shipwreck”: Gwilym Ashworth and John Kingsford, telephone interview by author, April 4, 2020.
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“Then fire the scientists”: Paul Heyer, Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012), 169.
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the search ship stopped for a night: Kathleen Maxa, “The Texas Tycoon in Search of the Titanic,” The Washington Post, June 21, 1981.
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“I think we got that heifer”: “ ‘We Think We’ve Got the Titanic,’ ” The San Bernardino County Sun, August 16, 1980.
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“highly optimistic”: “Titanic Search Goes on in Spite of Some Damage,” The New York Times, August 14, 1980.
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the crew had been surprised: John Noble Wilford, “Scientists in Expedition Doubt Titanic Discovery,” The New York Times, August 22, 1980.
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“The big money is to be made”: “What Really Happened to the Proudest Ship That Ever Sailed?,” The New York Daily News, April 16, 1980.
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The club had sponsored ambitious expeditions: “Historical Highlights,” The Explorers Club, accessed March 12, 2021, https://www.explorers.org/about/history-including-famous-firsts.
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“The Explorers Club has always been associated”: “Roll Call for Adventure,” The Sydney Morning Herald, November 1, 1980.
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a postal worker delivered a wad of letters: Maxa, “The Texas Tycoon in Search of the Titanic.”
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Thomas Edison once experimented: Walter von Baeckmann, Werner Prinz, and Wilhelm Schwenk, eds., Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection (Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science, 1997), 12.
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The system became known as cathodic protection: M. Heldtberg, I. D. MacLeod, and V. L. Richards, “Corrosion and Cathodic Protection of Iron in Seawater: A Case Study of the James Matthews (1841),” Proceedings of Metal (2004): 75–87.
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has made the Chuuk Lagoon: Dan E. Bailey, World War II Wrecks of the Truk Lagoon (Redding, CA: North Valley Diver Publications, 2001).
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“The metal wears down over time”: Chris Selman and Allison Selman, telephone interview by author, April 29, 2020.
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the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration keeps a list: “Potentially Polluting Wrecks in U.S. Waters,” National Marine Sanctuaries, last updated July 31, 2017, https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/ppw/welcome.html.
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were linked to the Luckenbach: “SS Jacob Luckenbach Oil Removal,” Incident News, May 23, 2002, https://incidentnews.noaa.gov/incident/1008.
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eight hundred twenty-five tons of coal: Greg Ward, The Rough Guide to the Titanic (London: Rough Guides, 2012).
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“The second stage of our expedition”: Harihar Krishnan, “Millionaire Jack Grimm Said Sunday He Is Confident,” UPI, April 12, 1981.
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Bobby Blanco, a Cuban-born gambler: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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enticed thousands of people: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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the problem of credit: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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“Wouldn’t it be great”: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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answering questions like a celebrity: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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The uneven terrain underscored: Melvin Porter, “A Geological Study of the Titanic Shipwreck Site,” Owlcation, February 18, 2017, https://owlcation.com/stem/The-Geology-of-The-Titanic-Shipwreck-Site.
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the overwhelming sensation: Grimm and Hoffman, Beyond Reach.
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the Ocean Ranger: Keith Collier, “The Loss of the Ocean Ranger, 15 February 1982,” Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador, 2010, updated October 2016, https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/economy/ocean-ranger.php.
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the Mekhanik Tarasov, sank too: Summary Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Attending the Foundering of the Russian Vessel Mekhanik Tarasov in the North Atlantic, on February 16, 1982 (Canada: Canadian Coast Guard, n.d.).
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A debris-tracking program: Laura Parker, “Ocean Trash: 5.25 Trillion Pieces and Counting, but Big Questions Remain,” National Geographic, January 10, 2015, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/141211-ocean-plastics-garbage-patches-5-gyres-pollution-environment.
