For broader studies of the early period of Stimson’s life, see Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967), and Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987). On foreign policy, see Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963), idem, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America, 2d ed. (New York: Norton, 1993); Robert Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900, 2d ed. (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1986); Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982); and Michael Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987). For American policy toward Cuba, see Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983); idem, The War of 1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1998); on the Philippines, go to Richard Welch, Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979); Glen A. May, Social Engineering in the Philippines: The Aims, Execution, and Impact of American Colonial Policy, 1900–1913 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980); Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); and H. W. Brands, Bound to Empire: The United States and the Philippines (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

  Concerning the influence of race on American foreign policy, see Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy; Walter L. Williams, “United States Indian Policy and Debate Over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,” Journal of American History 66 (March 1980), 810–31; Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Ruben F. Weston, Racism in U.S. Imperialism: The Influence of Racial Assumptions on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1893–1946 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1982); and Joseph A. Fry, “Phases of Empire: Late Nineteenth-Century U.S. Foreign Relations,” in Charles W. Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1996), 261–88.

  The essential works on Woodrow Wilson’s diplomacy, the Versailles Conference, and the battle over the League of Nations are Arno N. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York: Knopf, 1967); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); Lloyd Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution,1913–1923 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); William C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); and Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (New York: Oxford, 1992). On the economic impact of Versailles on Europe, see Klaus Schwabe, Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power, trans. Rita and Robert Kimber (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985); and Stephen Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1976).

  A brief but excellent introduction to American foreign policy during the 1920s is found in Warren I. Cohen, Empire Without Tears: American Foreign Policy, 1921–1933 (New York: Knopf, 1987). For American policy toward Europe, see Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979); and Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984). On Latin America, Lester D. Langley, The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century, rev. ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985); and Bryce Wood, The Making of the Good Neighbor Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), are good places to start, along with Michael Krenn, U.S. Policy Toward Economic Nationalism in Latin America, 1917–1929 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1990); and James J. Horn, “U.S. Diplomacy and ‘The Specter of Bolshevism’ in Mexico,” Americas 32 (July 1975), 31–45. Richard Millett, Guardians of the Dynasty (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1977) and William Kammen, A Search for Stability: U.S. Diplomacy Toward Nicaragua, 1925–1933 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968), are must-reads on Nicaragua, as are Thomas P. Anderson, Matanza: El Salvador’s Communist Revolt of 1932 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971); Kenneth J. Grieb, “The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez,” Journal of Latin American Studies 3 (November 1971), 151–72; and Raymond Bonner, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El Salvador (New York: Times Books, 1984), for El Salvador. The Manchurian crisis has attracted a great deal of attention from historians. In addition to the works on Stimson noted above, see Sara Smith, The Manchurian Crisis, 1931–1933: A Tragedy in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948); and Justus Doenecke, When the Wicked Rise: American Opinion-Makers and the Manchurian Crisis of 1931–1933 (London: Associated University Presses, 1984), for critical examinations of Stimson’s actions; and Christopher Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League, and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931–1933 (New York: Putnam’s, 1972), for the most thorough study of the event.

  The literature on World War II is vast. Start with Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), idem, ed., Churchill & Roosevelt,: The Complete Correspondence, 3 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984); Lloyd Gardner, Spheres of Influence: The Great Powers Partition Europe, from Munich to Yalta (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee,1993); Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Kent Roberts Greenfield, American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963); and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978). For more specific works, go to Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory (New York: Viking, 1973); Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983); and Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin D. Roosevelt, His Lieutenants and Their War (New York: Harper & Row, 1987). On the Morgenthau Plan, see Warren F. Kimball, Swords or Ploughshares? The Morgenthau Plan for Defeated Nazi Germany (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1976).

  The excellent essays in Michael J. Hogan, ed., Hiroshima in History and Memory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), are the best introduction to the issues and controversies surrounding the dropping of the atomic bombs. See as well Barton J. Bernstein, “The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered,” Foreign Affairs (January–February 1995), 135–52; Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and the Origins of the Arms Race (New York: Vintage, 1987); Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986); Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth (New York: Knopf, 1995); and J. Samuel Walker, Prompt & Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997). For examinations of the Enola Gay exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution, see “History and the Public: What Can We Handle? A Round Table About History and the Enola Gay Controversy,” Journal of American History (December 1995), 1029–1144; and Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz, eds., Hiroshima’s Shadow: Writings on the Denial of History and the Smithsonian Controversy (Stony Creek, CT: Pamphleteer’s Press, 1998).

  Index

  Acheson, Dean

  Ainsworth, Fred C.

  American Sugar Refining Corporation

  Araujo, Arturo

  Ausable Club

  Austria

  Baker, Newton

  Bard, Ralph

  Belgium

  Bolivia

  Bolshevik Revolution

  Boone & Crockett Club

  Borah, William E.

  Bruening, Heinrich; and danger of Bolshevism

  Bryan, William Jennings

  Bundy, Harvey

  Bundy, McGeorge

  Bush, Vannevar

  Byrnes, James F.; and atomic diplomacy

  Caffery, Jefferson

  Calles, Plutarco Elias

  Castle, William

  Central American treaties

  Chamorro, Emiliano

  Chile

  China: threatened by Japan; and Open Door policy

  Churchill, Winston; and second front

  Clark, Grenville

  Clark, J. Reuben

  Clark Memorandum

  Clayton, William

  Cleveland, Grover

  Cold War

  Compton, Karl

  Conant, James B.

  Coolidge, Calvin

  Cotton, Joseph

  Crowder, Enoch

  Cuba

  Czechoslovakia

  D-Day

  Darlan, Jean

  Dawes, Charles

  Dawes Plan

  Debt moratorium

  Denmark

  “Destroyers for Bases” deal

  DeWitt, John

  Diaz, Adolfo

  Dominican Republic

  Eberhardt, Charles

  Eisenhower, Dwight D.

  Elkins Act (1903)

  El Salvador; and “Communist” revolt in; and matanza

  Ethiopia

  Feis, Herbert

  France; admired by Stimson; war debts and reparations ; and defense of Poland; aid from U.S. to; OVERLORD and

  Frankfurter, Felix

  Garrison, Lindley

  Germany; neutrality and; financial crisis in; and occupation of Rhineland; and Anschluss; and Spanish Civil War; invasion of Soviet Union; and World War II; and atomic bombs; and postwar reconstruction

  Glacier National Park

  Good Government Clubs

  Good Neighbor policy

  Grandi, Dino

  Great Britain; cooperation with U.S.; admired by Stimson; and Manchurian crisis; and defense of Poland; aid from U.S. to; and World War II

  Greece

  Grew, Joseph

  Grinnell, George

  Groves, Leslie

  Haiti

  Hanna, Matthew

  Harding, Warren G.

  Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (1933)

  Harriman, Averell

  Harrison, Francis Burton

  Harrison, George

  Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act (1930)

  Highhold estate

  Hilles, Charles D.

  Hirohito, Emperor of Japan; retention of

  Hitler, Adolf

  Holland

  Hoover, Herbert; Stimson as secretary of state for; and debt moratorium; and standstill agreement; and Manchurian crisis; and Franklin Roosevelt

  Hopkins, Harry

  Hornbeck, Stanley

  Hughes, Charles Evans; and Latin America; and European prosperity

  Hull, Cordell

  Hurley, Patrick

  Iceland

  Interim Committee

  Interstate Commerce Law

  Italy; Fascism in; and invasion of Ethiopia; and Spanish Civil War; aid from U.S. to

  Japan; threat to and war with China; and Manchurian crisis; and Open Door policy; embargo against; and Pearl Harbor; surrender

  Japanese Americans: internment of

  Jones Act (1916)

  Kahn, Otto

  Kellogg, Frank B.

  Kellogg-Briand Pact

  Kipling, Rudyard

  Klots, Allen

  Knox, Frank

  Korea

  Kuomintang

  Kyoto

  Lane, Arthur Bliss

  Latin America

  Lausanne Economic Conference (1932)

  League of Nations; and Manchurian crisis

  Lend-Lease Act (1941)

  Lincoln, Abraham

  Locarno Pact

  Lodge, Henry Cabot

  London Naval Conference

  Lovett, Robert A.

  Luxembourg

  Lytton Commission

  MacArthur, Douglas

  Madero, Francisco

  Manchurian crisis

  Manhattan project; Stimson’s oversight of

  Marshall, George C.; and second front; and Truman; and Manhattan project; and Soviet Union

  Marti, Agustín Farabundo

  Martin, Joe

  Martinez, Maximiliano Hernández

  Matthews, Calvin

  McCafferty, William

  McCarthy, Joseph

  McCloy, John

  McCormick, John

  McCoy, Frank

  Mexican Revolution

  Mexico

  Meyer, George

  Military reform

  Millett, Richard

  Mills, Ogden

  Moncada, José

  Monroe Doctrine

  Moody, William

  Morgenthau, Henry

  Morgenthau Plan

  Morse, Charles

  Mount Stimson

  Munich Conference

  Murray, Philip

  Mussolini, Benito

  Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)

  Neutrality Acts

  New York Times

  Nicaragua; and U.S. military intervention in; Stimson sent to; and National Guard

  Nine-Power Treaty

  Norman, Montague

  Norway

  Nuremberg Trials

  Nye Committee

  Olds, Robert

  Open Door policy; and China; used against Japan

  Ozmeña, Sergio

  Panama Canal

  Paraguay

  Patterson, Robert P.

  Pearl Harbor; war declared

  Peru

  Philippines; independence denied for; Stimson sent to; Stimson as governor general of; as Japanese target

  Pinchot, Gifford

  Platt Amendment

  Plattsburgh Camp

  Poland

  Potsdam Conference

  Potsdam Declaration

  Puerto Rico

  Quezon, Manuel

  Rayburn, Sam

  Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934)

  Roberts, George

  Romero Bosque, Pio

  Roosevelt, Eleanor

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.; and Good Neighbor policy; and Hoover’s defeat; and New Deal; and Quarantine Speech; signs Selective Service Act; and “Destroyers for Bases” deal; U.S. as “arsenal of democracy,” ; and Pearl Harbor; and internment of Japanese Americans; and second front; and Darlan deal; and Morgenthau Plan; death; and Manhattan project

  Roosevelt, Theodore; Rock Creek incident; and American expansion; reforms supported by Stimson; and divisions within Republican Party; opinions on racial hierarchy; challenges Taft; and White Man’s Burden; quoted

  Roosevelt Corollary

  Root, Elihu; Rock Creek incident; and American expansion; promotes Stimson; and military reform; and Treaty of Versailles; and Latin America; quoted

  Root & Clarke

  Roxas, Manuel

  Sacasa, Juan

  Sackett, Frederic

  Sandino, Augusto

  Schott, W. W.

  Scott, Hugh

  Selective Service Act (1940)

  Sheffield, James

  Sherman, James

  Sherman Anti-Trust Act

  Shidehara, Baron

  Smith, Al

  Somoza Garcia, Anastasio

  Soviet Union (Russia); nonrecognition and isolation of; invaded by Germany; and Cold War; and atomic bomb

  Spanish-American War

  Spanish Civil War

  Stalin, Joseph

  Stalingrad

  Standstill agreement. See Debt moratorium

  Stettinius, Edward

  Stimson, Candace (sister)

  Stimson, Candace Wheeler (mother)

  Stimson, George

  Stimson, Henry C.

  Stimson, Henry L.: sense of duty; and father; and Progressivism; and race; and American world leadership ; and executive power; and expansion; and frontier; and war; at Phillips Andover; as youth; at Yale University; and Mabel White; and practice of law; and American West; and hunting; on Root; and Indians; and conservation; and Highhold Games; and Spanish-American War; military service; and Cuba; and Latin America; and Panama Canal; and Philippines; and Platt Amendment; as United States Attorney; race for governor of New York; and American territories; and division within Republican Party; as secretary of war under Taft; and internationalism; and military reform; and League of Nations; and Treaty of Versailles; and Mexican Revolution; and paternalism; and Theodore Roosevelt; and World War I; and imperialism; and military intervention; and Nicaragua; mission to Nicaragua; and right-wing dictatorships; and Good Neighbor policy; as governor general of Philippines; and Central American treaty; and Somoza; and Sandino; and Japan; and White Man’s Burden; and Philippine independence; as secretary of state; and disarmament; and European economic crisis; and Hoover; and Manchurian crisis; and London Naval Conference; and cooperation with Great Britain; and Black Chamber; and Hawley-Smoot Tariff; trip to Europe; and Mussolini; and danger of Bolshevism; and Fascist Italy; and Germany; and Lausanne Economic Conference; and Hitler; and El Salvador; and Franklin Roosevelt; Democracy and Nationalism; The Far Eastern Crisis; and New Deal; opposition to neutrality acts; as secretary of war under Roosevelt; and Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act; and appeasement; and coming World War II; and compulsory military service; and Manhattan project; and war mobilization; and military strategy; and embargo against Japan; and Pearl Harbor; and defense of Philippines; and segregation in military; and internment of Japanese Americans; and Morgenthau Plan; and postwar reconstruction of Germany; and Cold War; and second front; and North Africa; and Darlan deal; and Churchill; and D-Day; and Truman; and atomic diplomacy; and Interim Committee; “Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb,” ; and Congress; and Soviet Union; and Japanese surrender; and Kyoto; and Potsdam Conference; and atomic bomb test; and Stalin; and Hiroshima and Nagasaki; heart attack; retirement; and Byrnes; and postwar policy; On Active Service in Peace and War; and Nuremberg Trials; and McCarthyism; death

 

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