The kings bed, p.33
The King's Bed, page 33
By Nell Gwyn: Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans; James, Lord Beauclerk
By Louise de Kérouaille: Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox
NOTES
1 The Last Soirée
1 John Evelyn, Diary, 1818.
2 For details of the layout and state of repair of Whitehall Palace in the reign of Charles II see Survey of London, Vol. 13, ed. Montagu Cox and Philip Norman, 1930; and Simon Thurley, Whitehall Palace, An Architectural History of the Royal Apartments, 1999.
3 Evelyn, Diary.
4 Samuel Pepys, Diary, ed. Latham and Matthews, 1970–83.
5 Frank H. Ellis, Dictionary of National Biography, 2004; John Aubrey, Brief Lives, compiled 1669–93, republished 2000.
6 Pepys, Diary.
7 John Evelyn, Tyrannus, or, the Mode, 1661.
8 Douglas Chambers, Dictionary of National Biography.
9 Sir Raymond Henry Payne Crawfurd, The Last Days of Charles II, 1909.
10 Bishop Gilbert Burnet, A History of My Own Times, 1724.
11 Evelyn, Tyrannus, 1661.
12 Evelyn, Diary; Thurley, Whitehall Palace.
13 December, Capricorn: Louis XIV boar hunting in view of the Chateau de Monceau, designed by Charles Le Brun. Now at the Chateau de Pau in south-west France.
14 Evelyn, Diary.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Earl of Ailesbury, Memoirs, ed. W.E. Buckley, 1890.
19 Crawfurd, Last Days of Charles II.
2 The Making of a Prince
1 Letters of Henrietta Maria, ed. Everett Green, 1857.
2 M. Newcastle, The Duke and Duchess of Newcastle, 1910.
3 Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, 1717.
4 Hugh Trevor Roper, foreword to Earl of Clarendon, Selections from the History of the Rebellion and The Life by Himself, ed. G. Huehns, 1978.
5 Clarendon, History.
6 David Cressy, Dictionary of National Biography.
7 Clarendon, History.
8 Ibid.
9 Clarendon State Papers, IV.
10 Newcastle, The Duke and Duchess of Newcastle.
11 John Rushworth, Historical Collections, Book 6, 1722; Emanuel Green, ‘Siege of Bridgwater’, in Bye-paths of Bath and Somerset History, 1905.
12 Quoted in Clarendon, History.
13 Lord Acton, ‘The Secret History of Charles II’, in Historical Essays and Studies, ed. John Neville Figges and Reginald Vere Laurence, 1907.
14 The Letters, Speeches and Proclamations of Charles I, ed. Sir Charles Petrie, 1935.
3 Exile and First Love
1 Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, Vol. 1, The Structures of Everyday Life, English translation 1981.
2 Clarendon, History, Book XI.
3 Ibid.
4 Motteville, Memoirs of Mademoiselle de Monpensier, Vol. 1, 1848.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
8 Thomas Seccombe in the Dictionary of National Biography puts Lucy Walter’s birth c. 1630.
9 Pepys, Diary.
10 John Carswell, The Porcupine, A Life of Algernon Sidney, 1989.
11 Ibid.
12 H. Noel Williams, Rival Sultanas, 1915.
13 Lord George Scott, Lucy Walter: Wife or Mistress, 1947.
14 Dictionary of National Biography.
15 Evelyn, Diary.
16 Clarendon, History.
17 Lucy Walter, attributed to Peter Lely, Scolton Manor Museum, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire.
18 For a clear exposition of the complex and numerous intricacies of Scottish politics at this time, see Ronald Hutton, Charles the Second, 1991.
19 Françoise Bertaut de Motteville, Memoirs of Mademoiselle de Monpensier, 1726.
20 Hutton, Charles the Second.
21 James Aikman, Annals of the Persecution in Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution, 1844.
4 The Fugitive
1 An account of the escape of King Charles 2nd from the battle of Worcester till his landing in France dictated to Samuel Pepys Esq, ed. William Matthews, 1966.
2 The Boscobel Tracts relating to the escape of Charles 2nd after the battle of Worcester and his subsequent adventures, ed. John Hughes, 1857.
3 Memorials of the great civil war in England from 1646 to 1652: edited from original letters in the Bodleian Library.
4 The History of his Sacred Majesty’s Preservation after, the battle of Worcester, anon, 1660.
5 A.M. Broadley, The Royal Miracle, a collection of rare tracts, broadsides, letters, prints and ballads concerning the wanderings of Charles 2nd after the Battle of Worcester, 1912.
6 An account of the escape of King Charles 2nd.
7 The Boscobel Tracts, ed. J. Hughes, 1858.
8 Clarendon, History.
9 Ibid.
10 An account of the escape of King Charles 2nd.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 John Buchan, A Book of Escapes and Hurried Journeys, 1922.
15 Clarendon State Papers, 1786, 3.153.
5 The Life of an Exiled King
1 William Cobbett, Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason, 1809, Vol. 5.
2 Eva Scott, Travels of the King, 1907.
3 S.R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, 1894.
4 Walter Harris, Clarendon and the English Revolution, 1983.
5 Marie Catherine Baronne D’Aulnoy, Memoirs of the Court of England in 1675.
6 Andrew Kippis, Biographica Britannia or the Lives of the Most Eminent Persons, 1793.
7 Thomas Carte’s Collection of Original Papers.
8 Taaffe letters, 1688, ed. Timothy Crist, 1974.
9 T. Morrice, Life of Roger Earl of Orrery, 1743.
10 James Walen, The House of Cromwell, 1897.
11 Clarendon State Papers, III, Dom.
12 Thomas Henry Lister, Life of Clarendon, 1838.
13 Clarendon State Papers, Venice, Vol. 32.
14 John Jesse, Memoirs of the Court, in England Under the Stuarts, 1857.
15 Ibid.
16 Thurloe State Papers.
17 Brian Bevan, James Duke of Monmouth, 1973.
18 Clarendon, History.
19 Bevan, James Duke of Monmouth.
20 Clarendon State Papers.
21 D.E. Williams, The Life and Correspondence of Sir Thomas Lawrence, Kt., 1831.
6 Restoration
1 Margaret Gilmour, The Great Lady, 1941.
2 G. Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara Duchess of Cleveland, 1871; Letters of Philip, Second Earl of Chesterfield, 1930.
3 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
4 William Cobbett, The Collected Social and Political Works, ed. Noel Tompson, 1998.
5 Edmund Burke, Works, Vol. 6,1839.
6 Henri Forneron, The Court of Charles II, 1897.
7 Julia Cartwright, Madame, a life of Henrietta daughter of Charles 1st, 1894.
8 Evelyn, Diary.
9 Clarendon State Papers, Venice.
10 D. Jordan and M. Walsh, The King’s Revenge, 2012.
11 J. Fitzgerald Molloy, Royalty Restored, 1885.
12 Harold Love, Dictionary of National Biography.
13 N.H. Keeble, The Restoration: England in the 1660s.
14 Cyril Hughes Hartman, The King’s Friend: A Life of Charles Berkeley, 1951.
15 R.A. Stradling, Spanish Conspiracy in England 1661–3, unpublished Ph.D., 2 vols, University of Wales, 1968.
16 Molloy, Royalty Restored.
7 The Bride’s Price
1 Anthony Hamilton, quoted by Lillias Campbell Davidson in Catherine ofBraganza, Infanta of Portugal, 1928.
2 Provas da Historia Genealogica da Casa Real Portuguesa, given in Davidson, Catherine ofBraganza.
3 Pepys, Diary.
4 The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II, ed. Sir Arthur Bryant, 1935.
5 Ibid.
6 Sir John Reresby, Memoirs, 1734.
7 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
8 For descriptions of dress in the 1660s and beyond, see Susan Vincent, Dressing the Elite, 2003, and C.W. Cunnington and P. Cunnington, Handbook of English Costume in 17th Century.
9 Clarendon, History.
10 Ibid.
8 The Dissolute Court
1 Vivian de Sola Pinto, Restoration Carnival, 1954.
2 John Aubrey, A Brief Life of Thomas Hobbes, 1588–1679, in Brief Lives, 1680–93, 1898 edition.
3 Hobbes, Leviathan.
4 Hamilton.
5 Laura Gowing, Common Bodies: Women, Sex and Reproduction in Seventeenth Century England, 2003.
6 Vivian de Sola Pinto, Sir Charles Sedley, 1639–1671, 1927.
7 Clarendon, Life.
8 Lorenzo Magalotti, At the Court of Charles II and Travels, 1669.
9 Clarendon, Life.
10 Ibid.
11 Simon Schama, History of Britain, Vol. 2, The British Wars 1603–1776, 2001.
12 David Bergerson, King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire, 1999.
13 Brian Fairfax, Memoirs of the Life of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, 1758.
14 Reresby, Memoirs; Burnet, History of My Own Times.
15 John Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, 1681.
16 Sir John Denham, Directions to a Painter for Describing our Naval Business; in Imitation of Mr Waller, 1667.
17 Pepys, Diary, 17 February 1669.
18 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
19 John Wilmot, ‘A Satyr on Charles the Second’: http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/charles2.html
9 Married Life
1 Pepys, Diary.
2 Lansdowne mss.
3 Matthew Jenkinson, Culture and Politics at the Court of Charles 2nd, 2010.
4 Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Jusserand, A French ambassador at the Court of Charles the Second: Le Comte de Cominges, 1892.
5 Daniel O’Neill to Ormond, Carte 32, fols 10–11.
6 Jusserand, A French Ambassador.
7 Pepys, Diary.
8 Molloy, Royalty Restored.
9 Hartman, The King’s Friend.
10 Phillip W. Sergeant, My Lady Castlemaine, 1912.
11 Lord Dartmouth’s note to Burnet, History of My Own Times, Vol. I, p. 436.
10 Illness, Plague and Fire
1 Jusserand, A French Ambassador.
2 Pepys, Diary.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Reresby, Memoirs.
6 Charles Knight, God’s Terrible Voice in the City, 1667.
7 Pepys, Diary.
8 Clarendon State Papers, Venice.
9 Cobbett, State Trials.
10 Grace Wharton, Wits and Beaux of Society, 1890.
11 Violet Barbour, Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington, 1914.
12 Pepys, Diary, 8 February 1664.
13 Jusserand, A French Ambassador.
14 Ibid.
15 J. Britton et al., The Beauties of England and Wales, 1808.
16 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
17 Walter Bell, The Story of London’s Great Fire, 1929.
11 Rivalry and Betrayal
1 Gramont, Memoirs.
2 Court Beauties.
3 Ruth Norrington, My Dearest Minette, 1996.
4 Clarendon, History.
5 J.L. Avey, An Alternate History of the Netherlands, 2012.
6 Pepys, Diary.
7 PRO, SP 29/205/63.
8 Pepys, Diary, 29 July 1667.
9 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
10 Pepys, Diary, 12 July 1667.
11 Molloy, Royalty Restored.
12 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
13 Harris, Clarendon and the English Revolution.
14 Lister, Life of Clarendon.
15 Molloy, Royalty Restored.
16 House of Commons Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 101–27.
12 Entrances and Exits
1 Pinto, Restoration Carnival.
2 Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Vol. 8, 1907–21.
3 Roi Cooper Megrue and Walter C. Hackette, It Pays to Advertise, 1914.
4 Pinto, Restoration Carnival.
5 Samuel Johnson, Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets, 1779–81; Pepys, Diary, 17 July 1663.
6 Ibid.
7 Cibber, Lives of the Poets, 1753.
13 Theatrical Rivals
1 Pepys, Diary.
2 Evelyn, Diary.
3 Parliamentary Statutes.
4 Charles II, Letters.
5 Tim Harris, ‘The Bawdy House Riots of 1668’, The Historical Journal, No. 29, 1986.
6 Middlesex County Records, Vol. 4, 1667–88, 1892.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Alfred H. Knight, The Life of the Law.
10 F. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century.
11 Aphra Behn, The Works ofAphra Behn, ed. Montague Summers, 1915; The Uncollected Verse ofAphra Behn, ed. Germaine Greer, 1989.
12 Charles II, letters.
13 Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn, 2005.
14 A Secret Pact
1 Colbert to Croissy, ms Affairs Etranger, 20 January 1669.
2 Ibid., 14 September 1668.
3 Louis XIV to Colbert de Croissy, 7 November 1668.
4 Gramont.
5 Pepys, Diary, 28 April 1669.
6 Clarendon State Papers, Dom, 1671, 271.
7 Secretary Lionne to Colbert, 20 April 1669.
8 Ibid., 6 August 1667.
9 Montagu to Arlington, 3 May 1669.
10 Ruth Norrington, ed., My Dearest Minette: Letters of Charles II to his Sister, 1996.
11 Elizabeth Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady, 1928.
12 Charles McCormick, The Secret History of the Court and Reign of Charles 2nd, 1792.
13 Julia Cartwright, Madame: Life of Henrietta, daughter of Charles I, 1894.
14 Pepys, Diary, 20 April 1669.
15 Nancy Nicholls Barker, Brother to the Sun King, 1989.
16 British Library, Add. MS. 36916.
15 The French Rival
1 Sergeant, My Lady Castlemaine.
2 David C. Hanrahan, Charles II and the Duke of Buckingham, 2006.
3 Hartley Coleridge (John Dove), Life of Andrew Marvell, 1835.
4 Ibid.
5 B.M. Cook, Parliamentary Research archive.
6 D. Jordan and M. Walsh, White Cargo, 2007.
7 Hume and Smollett, History of England.
8 Clarendon State Papers, Dom 11.277.
9 Sergeant, My Lady Castlemaine.
10 Pope, Second Satire on the first book of Horace.
11 Gerard Langbaine, Account of the English dramatic poets, 1691.
12 Bulstrode papers, 10 January 1671.
13 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
14 John Dryden, ‘Upon the three dukes killing a beadle’.
15 Clarendon State Papers, Dom, 11 April 1671.
16 Colbert to Lionne, 10 September 1670.
17 Henri Forneron, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, 1886.
18 Ibid.
16 A Spy in the Bed
1 Evelyn, Memoirs, Vol. 1.
2 Ibid.
3 Derek Wilson, All the King’s Women, 2003.
4 Evelyn.
5 Colbert to Louvois, French Ministry, 2 November 1672.
6 Ibid., 20 February 1673.
7 Ibid., 24 December 1672.
8 Reresby, Memoirs.
9 Fergus Linnane, London the Wicked City: 1000 Years of Prostitution, 2003.
10 Henri Forneron, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, 1886.
11 Colbert, dispatch to Pomponne, 23 January 1673.
12 Ibid., 30 January 1673.
13 Letter to Williamson, Clarendon State Papers, Dom, 15 June 1673.
14 Clarendon State Papers, Venice, 1673–5, 305.
15 Ruvigny to Pomponne, 18 May 1674.
16 Courtin to Foreign Minister Louvois, undated.
17 Evelyn, Diary.
17 A Sensational Encounter with the Past
1 S. Sorbiere, Relation d’un Voyage en Angleterre, 1666.
2 Antonie Pannekoek, A History of Astronomy, 1961.
3 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
4 Memoirs of Hortense Mancini and Marie Mancini, trans. Sarah Nelson, 2008.
5 Madame de Sevigné, quoted in H. Noel Williams, Rival Sultanas, 1915.
6 Memoirs of Hortense Mancini.
7 Williams, Rival Sultanas.
8 Hortense’s memoir may have been written with the assistance of her admirer, the historian Cesar Vichard. See Williams, Rival Sultanas.
9 This portrait hangs in Broughton House, Northamptonshire, Montagu’s French-influenced country mansion.
10 Charles de Saint-Evremond, The Works of Monsieur de Saint- Evremond, Made English from the French, etc., ed. and trans. Pierre des Maizeaux, London, 1728.
11 Ibid.
12 Williams, Rival Sultanas.
13 E.C. Metzger, ‘Ralph Montagu’, Dictionary of National Biography.
14 Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady.
15 Williams, Rival Sultanas.
16 Saint-Evremond, Discourse on Friendship, in Works.
17 Saint-Evremond, The Character of the Duchess Mazarin, in Works.
18 Barillon, quoted in Forneron, Louise de Kérouaille.
19 Rathery and Boutron, Mademoiselle de Scudery, Sa Vie et Sa Correspondence, 1873.
18 Plots and Alarms
1 Barillon to Louis XIV, 5 December 1678.
2 Forneron, Louise de Kérouaille.
3 Bulstrode Whitelock, Memorials of English Affairs from the Reign of Charles I to the Reign of Charles II.
4 Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady.
5 Life of Titus Oates, 1685.
6 Roger L’Estrange, History of the Times, 1687.
7 Roger L’Estrange, Oates, his Case, Person, Character and Plot, 1685.
8 Reresby, Memoirs.
9 Titus Oates, A sermon preached at an Anabaptist meeting in Wapping on Sunday the 9th of February by the Rev T.O., 1699.
10 British Library, Add. MS. 41/656.
11 Grey’s Debates, 21 October 1678.
12 Cobbett, State Trials, Vol. 11.
13 Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress, 1972.
14 Cobbett, State Trials, Vol. 11.
15 Sydney diary, 1 June 1679.
16 House of Commons Journal, 28 February 1679.
17 National Archives, C212.
18 Sydney diary.
19 Ibid.
20 Burnet, History of My Own Times.
