The kings bed, p.35
The King's Bed, page 35
Jane Lane with Charles II disguised as her servant during his escape from the Roundheads after defeat at the Battle of Worcester. Charles credited Jane with saving his life and never forgot the risks she ran for him. Their adventures became the stuff of royalist legend. Isaac Fuller © National Portrait Gallery, London
Lucy Walter, the ‘brown, beautiful, bold but insipid creature’ who gave birth to the first of Charles’s illegitimate sons, James, later Duke of Monmouth. She was the King’s first and possibly only real love but was vilified by his friends and forced to give up her son. © This painting is part of the Pembrokeshire County Art Collection, held at Scolton Manor and is on public display in the Manor House
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, was the first, of Charles II’s many illegitimate children. His mother was Lucy Walter. He was the King’s favourite son but caused chaos when he claimed the right to succession over his uncle James. Peter Lely © Private colleciion/Photo © Philip Mould Ltd, London/Bridgeman Images
This portrait by court painter Sir Peter Lely captures a great deal of the King’s character: quizzical, humorous, restless; anxious to be up and away from the painter’s gaze, off to sail his latest yacht, ride to the races at Newmarket or seduce a new lady-in-waiting. © Private collection/Bridgeman Images
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
abortion, 66
Acton, Lord, 26, 298–9, 300
Albemarle, 2nd Duke of, 216
Alberti, Girolamo, 230
America, 76, 172
Anglican Church, 15, 26, 34, 93–4, 98–9, 177, 225, 228, 235, 261; Book of Common Prayer, 104; Great Ejection, 122
Anglo-Dutch war, second (1665–7), 114, 136, 140, 142, 149–53, 158, 171–2, 196–7; Dutch navy’s Medway attack, 7, 152–4, 160, 170
Anglo-Dutch war, third (1672–4), 227–8, 233, 235
Anne, Duchess of York (Anne Hyde), 78–80, 97, 106, 126, 155, 225, 228
Anne of Austria (widow of Louis XIII), 29, 31, 200
Anne-Marie Louise d’Orléans (‘La Grande Mademoiselle’), 16, 31–3, 39, 60
Aretino, Pietro, 7*
Argyll, Marquis of, 40–1
Arlington, Countess of, 208, 217, 219–20, 221
Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of: Buckingham and, 132, 151, 155, 159, 196, 229; in Castlemaine circle, 138, 139, 140; character of, 85, 104, 105, 132, 159; Clarendon and, 85, 105, 138, 156; as a court wit, 108, 111, 112; France and, 177, 196, 198, 221, 252; Louise de Kérouaille and, 208, 217, 218, 219–20, 221, 227, 229–30; Hortense Mancini and, 247; marriage of daughter Isabella, 222, 295; political career, 59, 100, 103, 104, 105, 139, 159–60 177, 196, 202, 229–30; as rumoured lover of Lucy Walter, 58, 59
Arundel, Lord, 202
astronomy, 235–6
Aubigny (French crown property), 226–7
Aubrey, John, 163
Audley End House, 190
Augustus Anglicus, 75
D’Aulnoy, Madame, 121
Bampfield, Colonel, 34
Barillon, Jean-Paul de, 244, 248, 250, 251, 252, 254, 268, 269–70, 272–3, 277–8
Barkstead, Sir John, 66–7, 98
Barry, Elizabeth, 117–18
bawdy house riots (1668), 178–82, 183, 198
beadle murder scandal, 215–16
Beauclerk, Charles, 1st Earl of Burford, Duke of St Albans (born 1670), 192, 242, 280, 298
Beauclerk, Charles, Earl of Burford (born 1965), 164, 189, 298
Beauclerk, Lord, James, 193, 242, 298
Behn, Aphra, 183–4
Bennet, Isabella, 222, 295–6, 300
Bentley Hall, Staffordshire, 47, 55
Berkeley, Sir Charles, Earl of Falmouth, 77, 79–80, 100, 103, 104, 108, 114, 126, 132, 138, 139, 140, 162
Berkshire House, London, 128, 197
Birch, Thomas, 45
black box, legend of, 38–9, 65, 67, 264–5, 266, 293, 294
Bloodworth, Sir Thomas, 144–5
Boero, Father, 299, 300
Boscobel estate, Brewood Forest, 45–6, 57
Boyer, Abel, 85
Boyle, Francis, Viscount Shannon, 39
Boyle, Roger, 61–2
the Boyne, Battle of (1690), 291
Braudel, Fernand, 181–2
Breda conference (1650), 40
Bridgwater, Somerset, 19–23
Bristol, 17–18, 22, 23, 46–7, 50, 52
Bruges, 64
Buccleuch, 10th Duke of, 295
Buccleuch, Anne Scott, Duchess of, 294
Buckingham, 1st Duke of, 14, 112–13
Buckingham, 2nd Duke of, George Villiers: Arlington and, 132, 155, 159, 196, 229; background of, 14, 112–14; at Battle of Worcester, 45, 113; charged with treason (1667), 151–2, 154–5; Clarendon and, 110, 138, 139, 151, 154, 155, 156–7; as court wit, 108, 110, 111, 112; Nell Gwyn and, 192; hatred of Catholicism, 201–2; Louise de Kérouaille and, 205, 206–7, 208, 230; outrageous behaviour of, 41, 76, 112, 113–14, 200; Barbara Palmer and, 115, 127, 138, 162, 205, 206–7, 213 as pimp for King, 162, 163, 169; plays by, 114, 165; political career, 151, 155, 159–60, 176–8, 180, 196, 203, 204–5, 206, 229, 252; relationship with King, 14, 33, 74, 76, 85, 112, 113, 154–5, 159–60, 176–8, 285; schemes for Queen’s removal, 143–4, l85, 206, 209; duel with Lord Shrewsbury, 176–7, 178, 229; Countess of Shrewsbury and, 176, 178, 204, 220, 229; Frances Stuart and, 131, 132, 297
Bunyan, John, 181
Burke, Edmund, 73
Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 33, 74, 84, 86, 116, 124, 214, 215, 236, 283; Catherine of Braganza and, 94–5, 141, 209; death of King and, 279, 280; Louise de Kérouaille and, 267, 273
Byron, Lady Eleanor, 35, 68–9
the Cabal, 159–60, 196, 229
Cambridge, Duke of (died 1671), 225
Cameron, Samantha, 297
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, 300
Carnegie, Earl of, 109
Carteret, Marguerite, 26, 299–300
Carteret, Sir George, 25, 26, 299
Cartland, Dame Barbara, 281
Catherine, Queen, Catherine of Braganza: bedchamber affair, 86, 99, 100, 120; Catholicism and, 83, 93, 102, 134, 135, 144, 232, 255, 259–60, 262; character and intelligence, 92, 95, 102, 292; childlessness of, 5, 101–2, 138, 142–3, 172, 175, 185, 186, 202; Clarendon and, 99, 100, 138, 154, 155; dowry of, 81, 83, 90–1, 92–3; ill health, 134–5, 143, 222, 230; Louise de Kérouaille and, 223, 232; King’s feelings towards, 94, 95, 96, 102, 134–5, 185, 230–1, 279, 286, 292; King’s final illness and, 277, 279; lampooning of, 209–10; life after King’s death, 291–2; marriage and honeymoon, 87, 88–96; marriage to King arranged, 83–4; miscarriages, 138, 185, 202; Monmouth and, 102, 120–1; Barbara Palmer and, 92, 93, 99–100, 120, 123, 141, 144, 209, 232, 284–5; physical appearance of, 89, 91, 93, 94–5, 102, 141; schemes to remove/divorce, 133, 143–4, 206, 208–9, 267; as sister of Infanta Joana, 16; Stoop portrait of, 81, 89–90, 93; Frances Stuart and, 141–2, 148, 197; at Tunbridge Wells, 143, 172, 174–6; at Whitehall Palace, 5, 10, 101
Catholicism: of Louise de Kérouaille, 9, 224–5, 232, 250, 251, 255, 277–8, 297: anti-Catholic hysteria, 15, 135, 180, 193 4, 224–5, 228–9, 251, 258–65, 266–9, 270–4; of Barbara Palmer, 135, 182, 232; Henrietta Maria and, 13, 15, 27, 60, 102; Jacobus de la Cloche myth, 26, 298–300; James, Duke of York (James II) and, 180, 228–9, 235, 248, 255, 257–8, 267, 278, 289, 291; King’s deathbed conversion, 277–9, 285, 297; King’s pledge to convert to, 10, 201–2, 235, 255; of Queen Catherine, 83, 93, 102, 134, 135, 144, 232, 255, 259–60, 262; Roger Palmer and, 98–9; royalist network in England, 45–7; schemes and plots, 254–5; sexuality and, 283; Test Act (1673), 228, 229, 232
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, 111, 115
chapbooks, 184*
The Character of a Tavern (anon., 1675), 109
Charles, Prince (heir to throne in 2014), 3, 300–1
Charles I, King, 14, 27, 28–9, 30, 42, 214, 283; at Carisbrooke Castle (1647–48), 33–4, 35; Civil War and, 16–17, 18–19, 23–4, 25, 26; trial and execution of, 1, 8, 37, 63
Charles II, King: absolutism, 150–1, 158–9, 202, 213–14, 227–8, 261, 262, 285; adolescent behaviour patterns, 20–3, 24, 41, 57–8, 105, 189, 241, 249, 284, 286; Anglo-Dutch wars, 7, 140, 149–50, 153–4, 160, 227–8, 234; attractive side of character, 78–9, 212–13; autopsy, 280–1, 282; in Brussels (1654–58), 63, 70–1, 72–3; Buckingham-Shrewsbury duel, 176–7, 178; Burke on, 73; Catholicism, 10, 26–7, 60, 122, 193–4, 201, 228, 235, 277–9, 283, 297, 299; Catholicism and mother’s influence, 13, 15, 30; cause of death debate, 280–2; charm and good humour, 14, 15, 50, 73, 101, 261, 286, 287; Civil War, 16, 17–23, 24, 34–5, 41–3, 44; in Cologne (1654–58), 59, 65; contemporary posthumous judgements on, 283–4, 288–9; contrasting views of, 2; coronation (23 April 1661), 82–3; crowned King of Scots (1 January 1651), 42; death (6 February 1685), 11–12, 280–1; death of Minette, 204; declared King in Edinburgh (5 February 1649), 37; dismissal of Buckingham (1673), 229; dismissal of Clarendon (26 August 1667), 148–9, 155–6, 199; early life, 13–17, 112; emptiness and coldness at core, 2, 101, 189, 286; escape to France (1646), 24–8, 29; exiles in France, 27, 28, 29–33, 34, 36, 38–40, 57–9, 60–4; expulsion from France (1654), 59; final illness, 12, 276–80; frivolity, 105, 112, 184; funeral (14 February 1685), 282–3; Great Fire of London, 144, 145–6; habit of not thinking too deeply, 14, 112, 159; health, 8, 134, 230, 270; hedonism, 8, 11, 57–8, 76, 103, 105, 118, 135, 247–8, 249, 283, 287–8; hides in oak tree, 46; in Holland (1648–49), 34–5, 37–8; illegitimate line, 3, 291–301; interrogating of ‘plotters’ in Tower, 122; kidnapping of son James, 67–8; lampooning of, 118–19, 126, 127 139, 159, 178, 184, 186–7; last evening of pleasure (31 January 1685), 5–12; love of women, 1–2, 3, 96, 101, 190, 247–8, 249, 283–4; marriage and honeymoon, 87, 88–96; Minette as confidante, 30, 101, 200; ‘miracle escape’ after Worcester, 44–8, 49–56, 189- 90; orders assault on Sir John Coventry, 214–15; Parliamentary proclamation for capture of, 48–9, 50; pastimes and sports, 23, 189–90, 220, 235–6, 274 see also theatre; physical appearance, 13, 15; psychological evaluation of, 286–7; relative penury of in exile, 29–30, 33, 60–1, 64, 69, 113; religious tolerance, 104, 106, 110, 122, 177, 180–1, 227–8, 235; restlessness and fear of boredom, 4, 15–16, 117, 189, 287; Restoration (1660), 73–5; risktaking, 16, 44, 50–1; Rochester and, 6–7, 116, 117–19; Scotland and, 38, 40–3; search for marriage partner, 16, 30–3, 39, 40, 60–3, 77, 78, 80–3; secret pact with Louis XIV (Treaty of Dover), 10, 194, 199–200, 201–3, 227, 235, 255, 263, 285; sees through Popish Plot, 258–9, 260, 261, 285; selfishness, 24, 101, 105, 118, 186, 249, 286 signs of ageing, 8, 135, 273; statecraft, 158–60, 176–8, 184, 199–202, 203, 230, 247, 285–6; subsidies from Louis XIV, 125, 196, 201, 252, 262, 263, 269–70, 271–2, 285; syphilis, 231–2, 269, 281–2; theatre as royalist propaganda vehicle, 165–6; at Tunbridge Wells, 143, 174–6; vengeance for death of father, 1, 77–8, 97–8, 200, 253; women as distraction, 1, 20–3, 142, 247; see also court of Charles II; mistresses
Charles II, King of Spain, 258
Chatham Dockyard, 150, 151, 152–3
Châtillon, Duchesse de, 31, 59–60
Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, Earl of, 11, 71–2, 128, 247
Chiffinch, Thomas, 125
Chiffinch, William, 125–6, 162, 197, 255, 265
Churchill, John (later Duke of Marlborough), 126, 211–12, 213, 222
Civil War: First (1642–46), 16–19, 22–7, 28, 35–6; Second (1648–49), 34–5, 37; Third (1649–51), 40, 41–3, 44–5, 52, 113
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of: Buckingham and, 151, 154, 155, 156–7; on Charles’ escape from Worcester, 49–50, 52; court faction against, 79, 85, 110, 114, 138–40, 154–5; daughter Anne’s marriage to Duke of York, 78–80; disapproval of Charles’ frivolity, 23, 57–8, 105, 138, 142; dismissal of (26 August 1667), 148–9, 154–7, 199; exile in France (from October 1667), 157, 178; on ‘La Grande Mademoiselle’, 31, 60; life and career up to Restoration, 18–19, 20–1, 22, 23, 24, 26–7, 29, 57–8, 60, 64, 299; as Lord Chancellor, 80, 84–5, 87, 99–101, 104–5, 111, 120, 122, 124, 138–40, 142; Barbara Palmer and, 72, 84–5, 86, 87, 99, 100–1, 110, 124, 128, 138, 154, 155, 156, 157; relationship with King, 20–1, 23, 27, 80, 100–1, 105, 138–9, 149, 155–6, 157; reputation for rectitude, 84, 154, 253; Lucy Walter and, 37, 58, 66; History of the Rebellion, 151
Cleveland House, St James’s, 211
Clifford, Sir Thomas, 160, 202, 229
Cobbett, William, 73, 139
Cock Tavern, Bow Street, 171, 214
Colbert de Croissy, Charles, 195, 196–7, 198–9, 200, 201, 204, 208, 216–18, 221, 225–7
Coleman, Edward, 257–8, 259
Cominges, Marquis de, 112, 122, 123, 134, 140
Conde, General, 59–60
Coningsby, Juliana, 53, 54–5, 56
contraception, 117, 304
Corbet, Miles, 98
Cork, Earl of, 39
Costin, Bishop of Durham, 293
court of Charles II, 5–12, 106, 107–19, 124; anti-Clarendon faction, 85, 110, 114, 138–40, 154–5; character of, 1, 2, 76–7, 104, 106, 111–12, 146, 247–9, 287–8; enemies of Barbara Palmer at, 85, 87, 107, 123, 207; main male characters, 76–7, 79–80, 111–19; men of state at, 111, 112, 138–9, 156; Barbara Palmer’s circle, 77, 84, 85, 104, 107–9, 110, 114, 115, 138, 140, 207, 285; plot against Anne Hyde, 79–80, 126; sexual liberation, 2–3, 106, 167, 287–8; Somerset House junto, 138; wild behaviour and debauchery, 104, 108, 109, 139, 170–1, 220, 223, 247–8; the Wits at, 107–9, 110, 111–16, 139, 165–7, 170–1
Courtin, Honoré, 231–2, 243
Covenanters, Scottish, 38, 40, 41, 42, 266
Coventry, Henry, 171–2
Coventry, Sir John, 214–15
Crawfurd, Sir Raymond, 282
Creighton, Dr, 153
Cresswell, Mother, 182
Crofts, Lord, 102
Cromwell, Frances, 61–2
Cromwell, Oliver, 59, 61–2, 67, 74, 149, 150, 152, 165; Civil War and, 19, 22–3, 37, 40, 41–3, 44; death of (September 1658), 70; Ireland and, 40, 63–4, 248
Cromwell, Richard, 70
Culpepper, Lord, 19, 24*
customs and duties farming, 127, 193, 211
Davenant, Sir William, 163, 165, 172, 186
Davis, Mary (Moll), 163–4, 168, 169, 172–3, 174–6, 178, 183–4, 190–1
Denham, John, 153*
Derby, Earl of, 45, 57
Diana, Princess of Wales (Diana Spencer), 300
Digby, George, Earl of Bristol, 19, 23–4, 60, 67, 77, 85, 138, 139, 143–4, 252
divorce laws, 208–9
Douglas-Home, Alec and William, 294
Downes, John, 175
Drury Lane, London, 161, 165, 167, 168, 173, 186–7, 188
Dryden, John, 114, 165, 168, 169, 175, 186–7, 192, 215–16, 268
Dumas, Alexandre, The Count of Monte Christo, 202
Dumfries, Jonny, Marquis of Bute, 294
Dunkirk, Flanders, 82, 83, 104
Eden, Sir Anthony, 296
Edgehill, Battle of (October 1642), 16–17
Edinburgh, 37, 41, 42
Eleanor of Mantua, 81
Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of Charles I), 17
Elizabeth I, Queen, 6, 89, 233, 254
Epsom, Surrey, 170, 171, 172, 231
Essex, Earl of, 19, 266, 274
Etherege, Sir George, 77, 118, 166
Euston Hall, Suffolk, 219–21, 264, 296
Evelyn, John, 7–8, 152, 187, 192, 245, 273, 288, 289, 294; on Euston Hall, 219; on Great Fire, 145; on King’s lifestyle, 11, 68, 220, 283–4; on Louise de Kérouaille, 10, 220, 234; on Lucy Walter, 37; on Barbara Palmer, 128, 207; on the Restoration, 74–5, 83
Exclusion Crisis, 260–1, 262–3, 264–72
Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 19, 22–3, 178
Farley, Elizabeth, 183
fashion and clothing, 89, 91, 92, 95–6, 97, 137, 141, 163–4
Fielding, Robert ‘Beau’, 295
finances, public, 103–4, 193, 213–14, 221, 233, 235, 285; second Anglo-Dutch war and, 150–1, 158; ‘The Great Stop’ (January 1672), 227
FitzCharles, Catherine, 69
FitzCharles, Charles, Earl of Plymouth, 69
FitzRoy, Augustus, 3rd Duke of Grafton, 296
FitzRoy, Charles (2nd Duke of Cleveland, Earl of Southampton), 98–9, 160*, 211, 280, 295
FitzRoy, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria, 39, 160*, 296
FitzRoy, George, Earl of Northumberland, 137–8, 160*, 211, 280, 296
FitzRoy, Henry, 1st Duke of Grafton, 160*, 222, 280, 295–6, 300
FitzRoy, Henry, 12th Duke of Grafton, 296
Flamsteed, John, 236
fleet: Dutch navy’s Medway attack, 7, 152–4, 160, 170; mothballing of (1667), 150–1, 152, 285; mutiny (1648), 34–5
Fletcher, John, 83, 117, 165, 172
Forneron, Henri, 224
Fraizer, Sir Alexander, 222
France: Anglo-French treaty (1654), 59; Charles’ exiles in, 27, 28, 29–33, 34, 36, 38–40, 57–9, 60–4; Charles I’s pleas to, 28–9, 30; the Fronde (civil war), 64, 237; Henrietta Maria in, 17, 24, 27, 30–3, 34, 39, 40, 59; see also Louis XIV, King
Francis I, King of France, 128
Frazer, Antonia, 2
Galen (physician to Marcus Aurelius), 303
gambling, 10, 11, 127–8, 142, 211, 212, 222, 246*
Garrick, David, 167
Gibbons, Grinling, 289
Gifford family, 45
Gloucester, Duke of (born 1944), 294
Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, 257, 258, 259
Goffe, William, 76
Goodman, Coronell, 295
Goodwood racecourse, 297
Gorges, Dr, 51
Goring, George, 23, 24
Graaf, Renier de, 304
Gramont, Comte de, 121–2, 124, 126–7, 129–30, 131, 143, 157, 244, 245
