The myth of normal, p.53
The Myth of Normal, page 53
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Schrecker and Bambra, How Politics Makes Us Sick, 53.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Ben Stein, “In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class Is Winning,” New York Times, November 26, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/business/yourmoney/26every.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
David Marchese, “Ben and Jerry’s Radical Ice Cream Dreams,” New York Times, July 29, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), xlviii–xlix.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Rupert Neate, “Billionaires’ Wealth Rises to $10.2 Trillion amid Covid Crisis,” Guardian, October 7, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Star editorial board, “Billionaires Get Richer While Millions Struggle. There’s a Lot Wrong with This Picture,” Toronto Star, September 21, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (September 2014): 564–81.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Paul Krugman, “Why Do the Rich Have So Much Power?,” New York Times, July 8, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
James Reid, Alienation (University of Glasgow Publications, 1972), 5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Chapter 20: Robbing the Human Spirit
David Brooks, “Our Pathetic Herd Immunity Failure,” New York Times, May 6, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, trans. T. B. Bottomore, in Erich Fromm, Marx’s Concept of Man (London: Continuum, 2004), 83.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Bruce Alexander, The Globalization of Addiction: A Study in Poverty of the Spirit (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 58.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Tony Schwartz and Christine Porath, “Why You Hate Work,” New York Times, June 1, 2014.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Charles Duhigg, “Wealthy, Successful, and Miserable,” New York Times, February 21, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/02/21/magazine/elite-professionals-jobs-happiness.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Awais Aftab, “Meaning in Life and Its Relationship with Physical, Mental, and Cognitive Functioning: A Study of 1,042 Community-Dwelling Adults Across the Lifespan,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 81, no. 1 (2020).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
John T. Cacioppo and Stephanie Cacioppo, “The Growing Problem of Loneliness,” Lancet 391, no. 100119 (February 3, 2018): 426–27.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
American Psychological Association, “Social Isolation, Loneliness, Could Be Greater Threat to Public Health Than Obesity,” ScienceDaily, August 5, 2015, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170805165319.htm.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Denise Aydinonat et al., “Social Isolation Shortens Telomeres in African Gray Parrots,” PLoS ONE 9, no. 4 (2014): e93839, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093839.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Nicole K. Valtorta et al., “Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Observational Studies,” Heart 102, no. 13 (2016), https://heart.bmj.com/content/102/13/1009.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Dhruv Kullur, “Loneliness Is a Health Hazard, but There Are Remedies,” New York Times, December 22, 2016.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Vivek H. Murthy, Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World (New York: Harper Wave, 2020), 98.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Tim Kasser et al., “Some Costs of American Corporate Capitalism: A Psychological Exploration of Value and Goal Conflicts,” Psychological Inquiry 18, no. 1 (March: 2007): 1–22.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Chapter 21: They Just Don’t Care If It Kills You
Russell Brand, “Edward Snowden: The Worst Conspiracies Are in Plain Sight,” YouTube video, April 16, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0zAJfbP3gg&t=23s.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Belinda S. Lennerz et al., “Effects of Dietary Glycemic Index on Brain Regions Related to Reward and Craving in Men,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98, no. 3 (September 2013): 641–47.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Ashkan Afshin et al., “Health Effects of Dietary Risks in 195 Countries, 1990–2017: A Systemic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017,” Lancet 393, no. 10184 (May 11, 2019): 1958–2017.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
American Heart Association, “180,000 Deaths Worldwide May Be Associated with Sugary Soft Drinks, Research Suggests,” ScienceDaily, March 19, 2013, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130319202144.htm.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
“Mexico Obesity: Oaxaca Bans Sales of Junk Food to Children,” BBC News, Aug. 6, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53678747.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
“Mexico Takes Title of ‘Most Obese’ from America,” Global Post, July 28, 2013, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mexico-takes-title-of-most-obese-from-america.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Susan Greenhalgh, “Making China Safe for Coke: How Coca-Cola Shaped Obesity Science and Policy in China,” British Medical Journal 364 (January 9, 2019): k5050, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5050.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
“Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet, England, 2020,” National Health Service, May 5, 2020, https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet/england-2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Ted Schrecker and Clare Bambra, How Politics Makes Us Sick: Neoliberal Epidemics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 32.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Nicholas Kristof, “Drug Dealers in Lab Coats,” New York Times, October 18, 2017.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
In 2014, on the fiftieth anniversary of the U.S. surgeon general’s landmark report exposing the ill effects of manufactured tobacco, the same office issued an update. “The tobacco epidemic was initiated and has been sustained by the aggressive strategies of the tobacco industry, which has deliberately misled the public on the risks of smoking cigarettes.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
“Smoking and Tobacco Use: Fast Facts,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Sheila Kaplan, “Biden Plans to Ban Cigarettes with Menthol,” New York Times, April 29, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Milton Friedman, “Your Greed or Their Greed?,” Phil Donahue Show, YouTube, uploaded July 14, 2007, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWsx1X8PV_A.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Milton Friedman, “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” New York Times, September 13, 1970.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Andrea Wulf, The Invention of Nature: The Adventures of Alexander von Humboldt, the Lost Hero of Science (London: John Murray, 2015), 5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
William J. Ripple et al., “World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency,” BioScience 70, no. 1 (January 2020): 8–12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Nick Watts et al., “The 2018 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Shaping the Health of Nations for Centuries to Come,” Lancet 392, no. 10163 (December 8, 2018): 2479–514.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
“More Than 200 Health Journals Call for Urgent Action on Climate Crisis,” Guardian, September 6, 2021; and Robert Lee Holtz, “Action on Climate Change Is Urged by Medical Journals in Unprecedented Plea,” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Chapter 22: The Assaulted Sense of Self
Malcolm X, as told to Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1964; New York: Ballantine Books, 2015), 56.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew: An Exploration of the Etiology of Hate (1948; New York: Schocken Books, 1995), 53–54.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
“Ken Hardy on the Assaulted Sense of Self,” Psychotherapy Networker, YouTube video, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i26A5oecUWM.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Helen Knott, In My Own Moccasins: A Memoir of Resilience (Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Regina Press, 2019), 200–201.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
David H. Chae et al., “Racial Discrimination and Telomere Shortening Among African-Americans: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study,” Health Psychology 39, no. 3 (March 2020): 209-19.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Ta-Nehisi Coates, Between the World and Me (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2015), 27–28.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Clyde Hertzman and Tom Boyce, “How Experience Gets Under the Skin to Create Gradients in Developmental Health,” Annual Review of Public Health 31, no. 1 (April 2010): 329–47.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
David T. Lackland, “Racial Differences in Hypertension: Implications for High Blood Pressure Management,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 348, no. 2 (August 2014): 135–38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, “Black Children Six Times More Likely to Die of Asthma,” press release, March 4, 2017, https://www.aaaai.org/about-aaaai/newsroom/news-releases/black-children-asthma [inactive].
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
The Baldwin citation is from a panel discussion moderated by Nat Hentoff, broadcast in 1961 on WBAI-FM radio and subsequently published with the title “The Negro in American Culture,” in CrossCurrents 11, no. 3 (Summer 1961): 205–224.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Amy Roeder, “America Is Failing Its Black Mothers,” Harvard Public Health, Winter 2019, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/america-is-failing-its-black-mothers.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Brad N. Greenwood et al., “Physician-Patient Racial Concordance and Disparities in Birthing Mortality for Newborns,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (September 1, 2020): 21194–200, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913405117.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Cristina Nova and Jamila Taylor, “Exploring African Americans’ High Maternal and Infant Death Rates,” Center for American Progress, February 1, 2018, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/early-childhood/reports/2018/02/01/445576/exploring-african-americans-high-maternal-infant-death-rates.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Arline Geronimus et al., “‘Weathering’ and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health 96, no. 5 (May 2006): 826–33.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
“Lifespan of Indigenous People 15 Years Shorter Than That of Other Canadians, Federal Documents Say,” Canadian Press, January 23, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/indigenous-people-live-15-years-less-philpott-briefing-1.4500307.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Roland Dyck et al., “Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Among First Nations and Non–First Nations Adults,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 3 (February 23, 2010): 249–56.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
L. Kirmayer, “Suicide Among Canadian Aboriginal People,” Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review 31 (1994): 3–57.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Michael Marmot, The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World (New York: Bloomsbury, 2015), 12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Sonia J. Lupien et al., “Child’s Stress Hormone Levels Correlate with Mother’s Socioeconomic Status and Depressive State,” Biological Psychiatry 48, no. 10 (November 15, 2000): 976–80.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
In Dennis Raphael, ed., Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, 3rd ed. (Canadian Scholars Press, 2016), xiii.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Alex Soth, “The Great Divide,” New York Times, September 5, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/05/opinion/inequality-life-expectancy.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
M. Lemstra et al., “Health Disparity by Neighborhood Income,” Canadian Journal of Public Health 97, no. 6 (November 2006): 435–39.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
For example, Joan Luby et al., “The Effects of Poverty on Childhood Brain Development: The Mediating Effect of Caregiving and Stressful Life Events,” JAMA Pediatrics 167, no. 12 (December 2013): 1135–42.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
J. R. Swartz et al., “An Epigenetic Mechanism Links Socioeconomic Status to Changes in Depression-Related Brain Function in High-Risk Adolescents,” Molecular Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (February 2017): 209–224.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Dennis Raphael et al., Social Determinants of Health, 2nd ed., 13. (Raphael here is recycling facetious advice that has been circulatingfor some years.) https://thecanadianfacts.org/The_Canadian_Facts-2nd_ed.pdf.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Michael Marmot and Eric Brunner, “Cohort Profile: The Whitehall II Study,” International Journal of Epidemiology 34, no. 2 (April 2005): 251–56; and Aline Dugravot et al., “Social Inequalities in Multimorbidity, Frailty, Disability, and Transitions to Mortality: A 24-Year Follow-Up of the Whitehall II Cohort Study,” Lancet Public Health 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): e42–50.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Richard Wilkinson, The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier (New York: New Press, 2005), 58.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Robert Sapolsky, “The Health-Wealth Gap,” Scientific American, November 2018, https://www.scientificamerican.com/index.cfm/_api/render/file/?method=inline&fileID=123ECD96-EF81-46F6-983D2AE9A45FA354.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Chapter 23: Society’s Shock Absorbers
Haider J. Warraich, “Why Men and Women Feel Pain Differently,” Washington Post, May 15, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
“Female Smokers Are Twice as Likely as Male Smokers to Develop Lung Cancer,” ScienceDaily, December 2, 2003, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/12/031202070515.htm.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Margaret Altemus et al., “Sex Differences in Anxiety and Depression Clinical Perspectives,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 35, no. 3 (August 2014): 320–30.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Franck Mauvois-Jarvis et al., “Sex and Gender: Modifiers of Health, Disease, and Medicine,” Lancet 396, no. 10250 (August 22, 2020): 565–82.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
In the United States, for example, being Black or Hispanic and being female create more risk for autoimmune disease than either factor alone. A 1964 study on systemic lupus in New York in the American Journal of Public Health reported that “the morbidity and mortality rates were highest among Negroes, followed in descending order by the rates for Puerto Ricans and other whites” (Morris Siegel, “Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Time Trend and Racial Differences, American Journal of Public Health 54, no. 1 [January 1964]: 33–43). Fifty years later, that racial differential persisted. “By and large, SLE is more frequent and more severe with higher disease activity and more damage accrual in non-Caucasian populations (Hispanics, African descendants and Asians) than in Caucasians” (L. A. Gonzalez et al., “Ethnicity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [SLE]: Its Influence on Susceptibility and Outcomes,” Lupus 22, no. 12 [October 2013]: 1214–24). Being female and Indigenous on either side of the 49th parallel also elevates the risk—in Canada, for example, rheumatoid arthritis affects Indigenous people at a rate three times higher than the national average (Stephen Hunt, “Arthritis Affects Indigenous People at a Rate Three Times Higher Than Average,” CBC News, November 5, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/indigenous-rates-arthritis-higher-than-average-1.4892319). Women, of course, predominate in these statistics: among Aboriginal women, the rheumatoid arthritis ratio is not three but six times elevated over men (“Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Aboriginal Population—What the Research Shows,” JointHealth Insight, September 2006, https://jointhealth.org/programs-jhmonthly-view.cfm?id=19&locale=en-CA).
