How tyrants fall and how.., p.27
How Tyrants Fall: And How Nations Survive, page 27
68. Sarah J. Hummel, ‘Leader Age, Death and Political Reform in Dictatorships’, working paper, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 12 December 2017, https://publish.illinois.edu/shummel/files/2017/12/LeaderDeath171106.pdf
69. For a discussion of the way tyrants can concentrate power in their hands, see Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
70. Jun Koga Sudduth and Curtis Bell, ‘The Rise Predicts the Fall: How the Method of Leader Entry Affects the Method of Leader Removal in Dictatorships’, International Studies Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2018), 145–59.
Chapter 9: How to Topple a Tyrant
1. Cited in David Hoffman, ‘Putin Faces a State of Disorder’, Washington Post, 3 January 2000.
2. ‘Guaido Versus Maduro: Who Backs Venezuela’s Two Presidents?’, Reuters, 24 January 2019.
3. Alan Riding, ‘US Leads Efforts to Oust Somoza and Lead Nicaragua to Democracy’, New York Times, 16 November 1978.
4. Mateo Cayetano Jarquin, ‘A Latin American Revolution: The Sandinistas, the Cold War, and Political Change in the Region, 1977–1990’, doctoral dissertation, 2019, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, p. 74.
5. Jason Brownlee, ‘Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies’, World Politics 59, no. 4 (2007), 595–628 at p. 613.
6. The depiction of the NSO Group in Mexico is largely based on Natalie Kitroeff and Ronen Bergman, ‘How Mexico Became the Biggest User of the World’s Most Notorious Spy Tool’, New York Times, 18 April 2023.
7. Ronen Bergman and Mark Mazzetti, ‘The Battle for the World’s Most Powerful Cyberweapon’, New York Times Magazine, 28 January 2022.
8. Ibid.
9. ‘The Persecution of Ahmed Mansoor’, Human Rights Watch, 27 January 2021, https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/01/27/persecution-ahmed-mansoor/how-united-arab-emirates-silenced-its-most-famous-human
10. Bergman and Mazzetti, ‘The Battle for the World’s Most Powerful Cyberweapon’.
11. Marcel Dirsus and David Landry, ‘Interview [with Agathe Demarais]: Sanctions’, Hundred, 21 November 2022, https://thehundred.substack.com/p/interview-sanctions
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Agathe Demarais, interview with author, 13 April 2023.
15. Abel Escribà-Folch and Joseph Wright, ‘Dealing with Tyranny: International Sanctions and the Survival of Authoritarian Rulers’, International Studies Quarterly 54, no. 2 (2010), 335–59 at p. 335.
16. Ibid., p. 341.
17. Ibid., p. 355.
18. Janis Kluge cited in Jeanne Wahlen and Catherine Belton, ‘Sanctions Haven’t Stopped Russia, But a New Oil Ban Could Cut Deeper’, Washington Post, 15 February 2023.
19. The depiction of Bobi Wine’s arrest is mostly based on Abdi Latif Dahir, ‘Uganda’s Top Opposition Leader Says He is Under House Arrest’, New York Times, 5 October 2023.
20. Ibid.
21. For more information on the Gambian opposition, see Jeffrey Smith, ‘Gambia’s Opposition Unites’, Foreign Affairs, 25 November 2016.
22. See Yana Gorokhovaskaia and Isabel Linzer, ‘Defending Democracy in Exile’, Freedom House, June 2022, p. 4, https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/Complete_TransnationalRepressionReport2022_NEW_0.pdf
23. Rory Cormac, ‘So you could argue that . . .’, Twitter (renamed ‘X’), 7 March 2023, https://x.com/RoryCormac/status/1633147729114193923?s=20
24. See Milan W. Svolik, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
25. ‘Shareholder Structure’, Volkswagen Group, 31 December 2022, https://www.volkswagen-group.com/en/shareholder-structure-15951
26. Roshan Goswami, ‘Lucid, Activision, EA, Uber: Here’s Where Saudi Arabia’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Has Invested’, CNBC, 11 July 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/11/activision-ea-uber-heres-where-saudi-arabias-pif-has-invested.html
27. The portrayal of ZunZuneo here is mostly based on an Associated Press article, ‘US Secretly Created “Cuban Twitter” to Stir Unrest and Undermine Government’, Guardian, 3 April 2014.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Associated Press, ‘US Aid Chief Faces Questions Over “Cuban Twitter” ’, Guardian, 8 April 2014.
31. ‘Sputnik and the Space Race’, National Archives, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/sputnik-and-space-race
32. Amy Ryan and Gary Keeley, ‘Intelligence Success or Failure?’, Studies in Intelligence 61, no. 3 (2017), extracts.
33. See, for example, Christopher Ingraham, ‘Satellite Data Strongly Suggests that China, Russia and Other Authoritarian Countries Are Fudging Their GDP Reports’, Washington Post, 15 May 2018.
34. Andrew Natsios, ‘Don’t Play Politics with Hunger’, Washington Post, 9 February 1997, cited in Emma Campbell, ‘Famine in North Korea: humanitarian policy in the late 1990s’, Overseas Development Institute, HPG Working Paper, December 2015, p. 6, https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/10213.pdf
35. Campbell, ‘Famine in North Korea’, p. 6.
36. Ibid., p. 8.
37. Ibid., p. 5.
38. Susan Ratcliffe (ed.), Oxford Essential Quotations, Oxford University Press, 2016, https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191826719.001.0001/q-oro-ed4-00018657
39. Cited in David Rothkopf, ‘Why It’s Too Early to Tell How History Will Judge the Iran and Greece Deals’, Foreign Policy, 14 July 2015.
40. Ratcliffe, Oxford Essential Quotations.
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Marcel Dirsus, How Tyrants Fall: And How Nations Survive
