Homeland, p.60
Homeland, page 60
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank some of the people who have helped me to learn, think, and write about the war on terror over the past decade.
Thank you to everyone (and I do mean everyone) at n+1, my intellectual home. I’m grateful for the care and insight you have put into soliciting, editing, criticizing, and publishing my work. In particular, I want to thank the three people who have edited most of my writing on the war. The first is Keith Gessen, who told me, in response to my first piece on the subject, “You’re a terrific writer, and you’ve pulled this off, but I don’t approve.” You were right, and I’m sorry. The second is Nikil Saval, who made sure I actually knew what I was talking about before abandoning me for politics and the glamour of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The third is Mark Krotov, who keeps giving me reasons to come back and write the next article. Writing is lonely—the three of you have made it less so.
Thanks also to those who assisted with the research for this book, including Lois Beckett, Andrew Cockburn, Rory Fanning, Thomas Gokey, Steve Graham, Sarah Harwell, Katherine Hughes, Lisa Ling, Kathy Manley, Tyler Maxin, Edward Menkin, Peter Romaniuk, Lyle Jeremy Rubin, and David Felix Sutcliffe.
Many people read drafts of the proposal and manuscript, entertained my questions and speculations, or even invited me to discuss aspects of the war in public. Their questions and suggested improvements were invaluable. Thank you to Atossa Araxia Abrahamian, Tim Barker, Lisa Borst, Matthew Shen Goodman, Elizabeth Gumport, Malcolm Harris, Tobi Haslett, Laura Kolbe, Simone Liu, Andrew Martin, Rachel Ossip, Sarah Resnick, and Stephen Squibb.
Thank you to my editor, Kevin Doughten, and my agent, Jim Rutman, for your support, wisdom, patience, and insight. I’m grateful for your belief in my writing and your determination to make it better.
Thank you to everyone else at Crown who shepherded the book through the publication process: Dustin Amick, Gillian Blake, Julie Cepler, David Drake, Mason Eng, Liana Faughnan, Deborah Foley, Anna Kochman, Andrea Lau, Amy Li, Carol McKenna, Dan Novack, Annsley Rosner, Stacey Stein, Ingrid Sterner, Christine Tanigawa, and Eldes Tran.
Thank you to Sally Snodgrass, my grandmother, who passed away in 2022. You taught me that the best way to take pleasure in life is to be curious about the world, the people around you, and yourself. That lesson is why I became a writer, and I miss you terribly.
Finally, thank you to Kelley Deane McKinney. It was true in 2015, and it’s true now: You have all my love, for as long as you want it.
Notes
Introduction: For the Beauty of the Earth
George W. Bush, Proclamation, “Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks, 2001, Proclamation 7463 of September 14, 2001,” Federal Register 66, no. 181 (Sept. 14, 2001): 48199, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2001-09-18/pdf/01-23358.pdf.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
“Military Decorations and Awards Review Results,” U.S. Department of Defense, accessed Feb. 18, 2022, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Military_Decorations_and_Awards_Review_Results_%28January_2016%29.pdf.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Authorization for Use of Military Force, Pub. L. No. 107-40, 115 Stat. 224 (2001).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Mark Landler, “20 Years On, the War on Terror Grinds Along, with No End in Sight,” New York Times, Sept. 10, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/09/10/world/europe/war-on-terror-bush-biden-qaeda.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
“Most Wanted Terrorist Dead: Bin Laden Killed in ‘Targeted Operation,’ ” FBI News, May 2, 2011, www.fbi.gov/news/stories/bin-laden-killed.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Neta C. Crawford and Catherine Lutz, “Human Cost of Post-9/11 Wars: Direct War Deaths in Major War Zones,” 20 Years of War: A Costs of War Research Series, Sept. 1, 2021, watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2021/Costs%20of%20War_Direct%20War%20Deaths_9.1.21.pdf.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
“ ‘Islam Is Peace’ Says President: Remarks by the President at Islamic Center of Washington, D.C.,” White House press release, Sept. 17, 2001, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010917-11.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Linda J. Bilmes, “Where Did the $5Tn Spent on Afghanistan and Iraq Go? Here’s Where,” Guardian, Sept. 11, 2021, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/sep/11/us-afghanistan-iraq-defense-spending.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Elisabeth Bumiller, “U.S. Lifts Photo Ban on Military Coffins,” New York Times, Dec. 7, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/world/americas/27iht-photos.1.20479953.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Heidi Peltier, “The Growth of the ‘Camo Economy’ and the Commercialization of the Post-9/11 Wars,” 20 Years of War, June 30, 2020, watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Peltier%202020%20-%20Growth%20of%20Camo%20Economy%20-%20June%2030%202020%20-%20FINAL.pdf.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Alex Horton and Aaron Gregg, “Use of Military Contractors Shrouds True Costs of War. Washington Wants It That Way, Study Says,” Washington Post, June 30, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/30/military-contractor-study.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Jessica Purkiss and Jack Serle, “Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes Than Bush,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Jan. 17, 2017, www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2017-01-17/obamas-covert-drone-war-in-numbers-ten-times-more-strikes-than-bush.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Donald Trump (@realDonaldTrump), Twitter, Oct. 9, 2019, 7:36 a.m., twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1181896127471333381.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
“Excerpts from Bush Speech on Travel,” New York Times, Sept. 28, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/09/28/us/a-nation-challenged-excerpts-from-bush-speech-on-travel.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
“The President’s News Conference with President François Hollande of France,” transcript, Nov. 24, 2015, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201500839/html/DCPD-201500839.htm.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Charles Krauthammer, “The Greater the Evil, the More It Disarms,” Time, Sept. 24, 2001, content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1000889,00.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
John Lanchester, How to Speak Money: What the Money People Say—and What It Really Means (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014), xiv.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler, The Global Political Economy of Israel (London: Pluto Press, 2002), 2.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
“Satisfaction with the United States,” Gallup News, accessed March 7, 2022, news.gallup.com/poll/1669/general-mood-country.aspx.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
R. J. Reinhart, “Terrorism Fears Drive More in U.S. to Avoid Crowds,” Gallup News, June 20, 2017, news.gallup.com/poll/212654/terrorism-fears-drive-avoid-crowds.aspx.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Joel Rose and Liz Baker, “6 in 10 Americans Say U.S. Democracy Is in Crisis as the ‘Big Lie’ Takes Root,” NPR, Jan. 3, 2022, www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1069764164/american-democracy-poll-jan-6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Richard Falk, “Resisting the Global Domination Project,” interview, Frontline, April 25, 2003, frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30216662.ece.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
David Johnston and Charlie Savage, “Obama Reluctant to Look into Bush Programs,” New York Times, Jan. 11, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/us/politics/12inquire.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Mike Davis, “Thanatos Triumphant,” New Left Review, March 7, 2022, newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/thanatos-triumphant.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Chapter 1: No Time Zones
Garrett M. Graff, The Only Plane in the Sky: An Oral History of 9/11 (New York: Avid Reader Press, 2019), 247.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Unless specified otherwise, all quotations from network and cable television news on September 11 can be found in “September 11 Television Archive,” Internet Archive, accessed Sept. 12, 2023, archive.org/details/sept_11_tv_archive. Jennings quotation from “ABC, Sept. 11, 2001 8:20 pm–9:01 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109112020-2101.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
David Friend, Watching the World Change: The Stories Behind the Images of 9/11 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 32.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Don DeLillo, Underworld (New York: Scribner, 1997), 94.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Brian Stelter, “How NBC’s ‘Today’ Invented Morning TV,” CNN, Jan. 14, 2017, money.cnn.com/2016/01/14/media/today-show-creation-nbc/index.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Friend, Watching the World Change, 34.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 9:12 am–9:54 am,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109110912-0954.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 9:54 am–10:36 am,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109110954-1036.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Susan Faludi, The Terror Dream (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007), 208.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Ibid., 213.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973), 78.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Ibid., 3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Ibid., 95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Ibid., 96.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Faludi, Terror Dream, 214.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Mary Rowlandson, The Sovereignty and Goodness of God, in Plymouth Colony: Narratives of English Settlement and Native Resistance from the Mayflower to King Philip’s War, ed. Lisa Brooks and Kelly Wisecup (New York: Library of America, 2022), 940.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Ibid., 942.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Ibid., 946.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Ibid., 976.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Ibid., 954.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Ibid., 982.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 10:36 am–11:18 am,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111036-1118.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 1:23 pm–2:04 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111323-1404.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
“ABC, Sept. 11, 2001, 12:41 pm–1:23 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111241-1323.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Kevin Flynn, “60 Firefighters Who Died on Sept. 11 Were Off Duty,” New York Times, Jan. 27, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/nyregion/60-firefighters-who-died-on-sept-11-were-off-duty.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
“Common Valor,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 14, 2001, www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000432905762754757.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
William Langewiesche, American Ground: Unbuilding the World Trade Center (New York: North Point Press, 2002), 160–61.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
David Carr, “Rebutting a Claim of Tarnished Valor; Research Challenges Account of 9/11 Looting by Firefighters,” New York Times, March 23, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/nyregion/rebutting-claim-tarnished-valor-research-challenges-account-9-11-looting.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Faludi, Terror Dream, 66.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
9/11, directed by James Hanlon, Jules Naudet, and Gédéon Naudet (Paramount, 2002).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Faludi, Terror Dream, 66.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Ibid., 67.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Deputy Commissioner Thomas Fitzpatrick, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Oct. 1, 2001, 13–14.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
EMT Faisel Abed, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Oct. 12, 2001, 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
EMT Jody Bell, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Dec. 15, 2001, 12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Firefighter Tiernach Cassidy, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Dec. 30, 2001, 3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
EMT Mala Harrilal, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Nov. 2, 2001, 3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Interview with Bobby Senn, “A Heroic Death,” National Geographic, Sept. 6, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNyR2s2MKYc&t=1s.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
Abed, World Trade Center Task Force interview, 9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
“FDNY Firefighter Bobby Senn: ‘The Dead Guy That God Sent Home,’ ” Easy Reader, Sept. 9, 2021, easyreadernews.com/fdny-firefighter-bobby-senn-the-dead-guy-that-god-sent-home.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40
Captain Paul Conlon, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Jan. 26, 2002, 8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41
Langewiesche, American Ground, 135.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42
Ibid., 131.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43
Paramedic Manuel Delgado, World Trade Center Task Force interview transcript, Oct. 2, 2001, 22.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44
Abed, World Trade Center Task Force interview, 10.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 45
9/11, directed by Hanlon, Naudet, and Naudet.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 46
Bell, World Trade Center Task force interview transcript, 19–20.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 47
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 11:59 am–12:41 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111159-1241.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 48
Ibid.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 49
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 12:41 pm–1:23 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111241-1323.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 50
“ABC Sept. 11, 2001, 3:28 pm–4:09 pm,” September 11 Television Archive, Internet Archive, archive.org/details/abc200109111528-1609.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 51
Graff, Only Plane in the Sky, 81.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 52
Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 55.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 53
Ibid., 60.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 54
