The loom of time, p.42
The Loom of Time, page 42
Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, [1966] 1993), pp. 19–20, 28–30, and 38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, pp. 70–73, 105, and 109.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Moore, pp. 111 and 153.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Moore, pp. 295, 304–05, 313, and 413.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Moore, p. 485.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Max Rodenbeck, Cairo: The City Victorious (New York: Knopf, 1999), p. 14.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Robert D. Kaplan, “Egypt’s Zabaleen Build Their Lives on Garbage,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, February 17, 1985.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Kazantzakis, Journeying, p. 29.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Rodenbeck, Cairo, pp. 17–18.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Kazantzakis, pp. 33–34.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
“Egypt’s Literacy Rate 1976–2020,” Macrotrends.net/countries/EGY/Egypt/literacy-rate.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Kazantzakis, pp. 63–64.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 82.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
M. Cherif Bassiouni, Chronicles of the Egyptian Revolution and Its Aftermath: 2011–2016 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017), p. 621.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs, pp. 447 and 490. Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History (New York: Basic Books, 2009), p. 192.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Herbert Kitchener letter to Edward Grey, March 7, 1912. Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies (Boston: University Press of New England, [1970] 1984), p. 85. Al-Sayyid Marsot, A Short History of Modern Egypt, p. 82.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Rogan, The Arabs, p. 165.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1992), pp. 74–75.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies, p. 132.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Kedourie, Chatham House Version, p. 159.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture, p. 81.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Peter Hessler, The Buried: An Archaeology of the Egyptian Revolution (New York: Penguin Press, 2019), p. 165.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Bassiouni, Chronicles of the Egyptian Revolution and Its Aftermath, p. 6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Robert D. Kaplan, “Mubarak’s Opening: Egypt After Controlled Elections,” The New Republic, July 2, 1984.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Mortimer, Faith and Power, pp. 251–55. Hessler, The Buried, pp. 74–75. Robert P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 327.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Hessler, pp. 166, 178, 194, 203–04, 228, and 230.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Kenneth N. Waltz, Realism and International Politics (New York: Routledge, 2008), p. 53.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Robert F. Worth, A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016), pp. 233–34. See, too, Steven A. Cook’s False Dawn, p. 89.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 55.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
Francis Fukuyama, Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014 and 2015), pp. 7, 23, 50, 416–17, 431, and 550.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
Gilles Kepel, Away from Chaos: The Middle East and the Challenge to the West, trans. from the French by Henry Randolph (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020), pp. 138–39.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40
John Waterbury, Hydropolitics of the Nile Valley (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1979), p. 23.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41
See Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42
C. P. Cavafy, “In Church” (1912), in The Greek Poems of C. P. Cavafy as Translated by Memas Kolaitis, vol. 1, The Canon (New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas, Publisher, 1989), p. 45.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43
Mohammed Soliman, “There Is No Indo-Pacific Without Egypt and the Suez Canal,” The National Interest, April 19, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44
Sean Mathews, “The Competition for Egypt: China, the West, and Megaprojects,” Al Jazeera, March 15, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 45
chapter 5. Upper Nile
Donald N. Levine, Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, [1965] 1986), pp. ix, 5–7, 17, and 284.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Donald N. Levine, Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, [1974] 2000), pp. xv–xvi.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
See especially Anthony Mockler’s Haile Selassie’s War: The Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941 (New York: Random House, 1984).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Levine, Greater Ethiopia, pp. 40 and 56–59.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Levine, Greater Ethiopia, pp. 85 and 128.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Levine, Greater Ethiopia, p. 150.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Levine, Wax and Gold, pp. 82 and 93–94.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Levine, Wax and Gold, pp. 174, 242–43, and 250–52.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Levine, Wax and Gold, p. 245.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
See Donald N. Levine’s The Flight from Ambiguity: Essays in Social and Cultural Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Walter Russell Mead, “Tribalism Isn’t Going Anywhere,” Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Mead, “Tribalism Isn’t Going Anywhere.” See, too, Steven A. Cook’s treatment of the ideas of economist Mancur Olson, Jr., and political scientist Samuel Huntington in Cook’s False Dawn, p. 83.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
The above three paragraphs borrow from Tavolato’s reports in 2020 and 2021 for the European Council on Foreign Relations. See, too, Aidan Hartley’s “Ethiopia Is Slipping into Civil War,” The Spectator, November 23, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Rodinson, Muhammad, p. 29.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Robert D. Kaplan, “A Tale of Two Colonies,” The Atlantic, April 2003. Robert D. Kaplan, Surrender or Starve: Travels in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea (New York: Vintage Books, 1988 and 2003), chapter on Eritrea.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Chapter 6. Arabia Deserta
This and the succeeding paragraphs about Doughty are extracted with additions and changes from my book The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1993), pp. 45 and 48–51.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Charles M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1888 [Dover reprint, 1979]), pp. 91, 172, and 553.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta, vol. 1, pp. 112 and 244, Travels in Arabia Deserta, vol. 2, p. 205.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Doughty, vol. 2, pp. 539–40.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), p. 237 of the Vintage paperback edition.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Doughty, vol. 1, p. 95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (New York: Penguin Books, [1926] 1977), p. 36.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, p. 6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Lawrence, Seven Pillars, p. 41.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
David Rundell, Vision or Mirage: Saudi Arabia at the Crossroads (London: I.B. Tauris, 2021), pp. 5, 8, and 27.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Rodinson, Muhammad, pp. 298–99.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Mortimer, Faith and Power, pp. 159 and 176.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Robert Lacey, Inside the Kingdom: Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia (New York: Penguin Books, 2009), p. 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Lacey, Inside the Kingdom, p. 48.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Karen Elliott House, On Saudi Arabia: Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines—and Future (New York: Knopf, 2012), pp. 10 and 68–69.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Rundell, Vision or Mirage, p. 255.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Edward Shirley, Know Thine Enemy: A Spy’s Journey into Revolutionary Iran (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997), p. 195. See, too, J. B. Kelly’s Arabia, the Gulf and the West (New York: Basic Books, 1980).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Thomas W. Lippman, Saudi Arabia on the Edge: The Uncertain Future of an American Ally (Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2012), pp. 15, 17, and 20.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, trans. from the German by Charles Francis Atkinson (New York: Vintage Books, [1918 and 1922] 2006), p. 345.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Donna Abdulaziz, “Saudi Arabia Revs Up the Party,” Wall Street Journal, December 28, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Barbara Bray and Michael Darlow, Ibn Saud: The Desert Warrior Who Created the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (London: Quartet, 2010), pp. 507–08 (Skyhorse edition).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. xlii.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Megan K. Stack, “The West Is Kidding Itself About Women’s Freedom in Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, August 19, 2022.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Ilan Berman, “Joe Biden’s Pressure on Saudi Arabia Has High Stakes,” The National Interest, March 1, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
“Many Saudis Are Seething at Muhammad bin Salman’s Reforms,” The Economist, January 6, 2022.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
David Ignatius, “A Saudi Official’s Harrowing Account of Torture Reveals the Regime’s Brutality,” Washington Post, July 28, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Bray and Darlow, Ibn Saud, p. 70.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Anthony Cave Brown, H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby, and the Spy Case of the Century (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. 114. Robert Lacey, The Kingdom (London: Fontana Paperbacks, [1981] 1982), p. 3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
David B. Ottaway, Mohammed bin Salman: The Icarus of Saudi Arabia? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2021), p. 8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
chapter 7. Fertile Crescent: Part I
Philip K. Hitti, History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine (New York: Macmillan, 1951), p. 420.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Hitti, History of Syria, p. 535.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
See Daniel Pipes, Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Freya Stark Letters, vol. 1 (1914–1930), ed. Lucy Moorehead. Privately printed. (Compton Chamberlayne, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Compton Russell, 1974). Freya Stark, East Is West (London: John Murray, 1945), p. 122 of 1986 Century paperback edition.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Ali A. Allawi, Faisal I of Iraq (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), pp. 231 and 259.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Pipes, Greater Syria, pp. 15–18.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Nikolaos van Dam, The Struggle for Power in Syria: Sectarianism, Regionalism and Tribalism in Politics, 1961–1980 (London: Croom Helm, [1979] 1981), pp. 18–19.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Robert F. Worth, “Syria’s Lost Chance,” review of Elizabeth F. Thompson’s How the West Stole Democracy from the Arabs: The Syrian Arab Congress of 1920 and the Destruction of Its Historic Liberal-Islamic Alliance, New York Review of Books, October 6, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs, pp. 445–46.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria: A Study of Post-War Arab Politics, 1945–1958, with a foreword by Albert Hourani (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, [1965] 1986), pp. 31–32, 44–45, 118, and 122.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Seale, The Struggle for Syria, p. 132.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Pipes, p. 152.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Seale, The Struggle for Syria, p. 185.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Rogan, The Arabs, p. 305.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Pipes, pp. 152 and 172.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Patrick Seale, Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East (Berkeley: University of California Press, [1988] 1989), p. 492.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Graeme Wood, The Way of the Strangers: Encounters with the Islamic State (New York: Random House, 2017), p. 98.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Seale, Asad of Syria, p. 257.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Seale, Asad of Syria, p. 267.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Mortimer, Faith and Power, p. 267.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Van Dam, pp. 16–17 and 31–32.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Stanley Reed III, “Little Brother and the Brotherhood,” The Nation, May 16, 1981.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Robert D. Kaplan, “Syria: Identity Crisis; Hafez al-Assad Has So Far Prevented the Balkanization of His Country. But He Can’t Last Forever,” The Atlantic, February 1993.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Osman, Islamism, p. 188. Faisal Mohammad Rather, Balal Ali, and Shahnawaz Abbas, “From Civil Uprising to Sectarian Conflict in Syria,” Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies, Summer 2015. David S. Sorenson, Syria in Ruins: The Dynamics of the Syrian Civil War (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2016), p. 5. Lucy Rodgers, David Gritten, James Offer, and Patrick Asare, “Syria: The Story of the Conflict,” BBC News, March 11, 2016.
