The loom of time, p.43
The Loom of Time, page 43
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
José Ortega y Gasset, History as a System: and Other Essays Toward a Philosophy of History (New York: W. W. Norton, [1941] 1962), p. 81.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Kim Ghattas, Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2020), p. 219.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Graham E. Fuller, The Center of the Universe: The Geopolitics of Iran (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), p. 34. A RAND Corporation Research Study.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (New York: Penguin Books, [1964] 1982), pp. 23–27. See, too, Kaplan, The Arabists, pp. 246–49, from which the succeeding paragraphs are reprinted and adapted.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Robert Byron, The Road to Oxiana (London: Pan Books, [1937] 1981), p. 46.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Roux, Ancient Iraq, p. 24.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Roux, pp. 24–25.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Stark, East Is West, appendix, p. 198.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, p. 92.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Peter Hessler, The Buried: An Archaeology of the Egyptian Revolution (New York: Penguin Press, 2019), p. 40.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
James Barr, Lords of the Desert: The Battle Between the United States and Great Britain for Supremacy in the Modern Middle East (New York: Basic Books, 2018), p. 226.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Michael C. Hudson, Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 274.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Gary Saul Morson, “Leninthink: On the Pernicious Legacy of Vladimir Lenin,” The New Criterion, October 2019.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Adeed Dawisha, Iraq: A Political History from Independence to Occupation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 214.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
“War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention,” Human Rights Watch, January 25, 2004.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
Robert D. Kaplan, “War in the Marshes: Iranians Make Little Headway in Drive into Iraq,” Atlanta Constitution, March 6, 1984.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40
“Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein” and “Civil War in Iraq.” Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate, May 1991.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41
David Pryce-Jones, “Self-Determination, Arab-Style,” Commentary, January 1989.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42
Lawrence Joffe, “Taha Yassin Ramadan: Long-serving Saddam Enforcer Notorious for His Violence and Mafia-style Trade Links,” The Guardian, March 20, 2007.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43
Robert D. Kaplan, “Tales from the Bazaar,” The Atlantic, August 1992. Robin Wright, “White House Ignored Iraq Rights Abuses for Years…Critics Say Washington Made a ‘Grotesque’ Mistake in Restoring Ties to Baghdad in 1984,” Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1990.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44
Kaplan, The Arabists, p. 263.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 45
Dawisha, Iraq, p. 240.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 46
chapter 8. Fertile Crescent: Part II
Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies (Boston: University Press of New England, [1970] 1984), p. 1.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Martin Sieff, “Isaiah Berlin and Elie Kedourie: Recollections of Two Giants,” Covenant: Global Jewish Magazine, November 2006.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
David Pryce-Jones, Signatures: Literary Encounters of a Lifetime (New York: Encounter Books, 2020), p. 149.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Martin Kramer, “Elie Kedourie,” in Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1 (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999), pp. 637–38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Kedourie, Chatham House Version, p. 301. Robert D. Kaplan, “In Defense of Empire,” The Atlantic, April 2014.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Kedourie, p. 3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Kedourie, p. 6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Fouad Ajami, The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice Since 1967 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981 [1982]), pp. 7 and 44. V. S. Naipaul, Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey (New York: Penguin Books, [1981] 1982), p. 19.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pantheon, 1998), p. 140.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Arnold J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey: A Study in the Contact of Civilisations (London: Constable and Company, 1922), p. 30.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
P. W. Ireland, ed., The Near East: Problems and Prospects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), p. 70.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Kedourie, pp. 213–14.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Kedourie, p. 214.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Allawi, Faisal I of Iraq, p. xxi.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Freya Stark, East Is West, p. 208 of 1986 Century edition.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Kedourie, pp. 236–37.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Dawisha, p. 209.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Kedourie, p. 258.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 91.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1992), pp. 44–45.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Kaplan, “Syria,” The Atlantic, February 1993.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Kedourie, Chatham House Version, pp. 387–88.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Allawi, p. 538.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Robert D. Kaplan, “Baathism Caused the Chaos in Iraq and Syria,” Foreign Policy, March 7, 2018.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Kedourie, Arab Democracy and Political Culture, pp. 89–90.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Ajami, The Arab Predicament, pp. 27 and 53.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Kedourie, Chatham House Version, p. 229.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Kedourie, pp. 33, 259, 262, and 301.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Kedourie, p. 306.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Allawi, pp. 314, 324, 356, and 359.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Allawi, p. 376.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Kedourie, pp. 358–60. Elie Kedourie, “Arnold Toynbee & His ‘Nonsense Book,’ ” The New Criterion, March 1990.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Kedourie, Chatham House Version, p. 377.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture, p. 98.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Kedourie, p. 105.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Ahdaf Soueif, Cairo: My City, Our Revolution (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012), p. 25.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Bob Woodward, State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), pp. 84–85.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Robert D. Kaplan, “Iraq, After Saddam,” New York Times, December 21, 1998.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
Ortega y Gasset, History as a System, p. 81.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Obama Doctrine,” The Atlantic, April 2016.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40
John Judis, “America’s Failure—and Russia and Iran’s Success—in Syria’s Cataclysmic Civil War,” interview with Joshua Landis, TalkingPointsMemo, January 10, 2017.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41
Jonathan Spyer, Days of the Fall: A Reporter’s Journey in the Syria and Iraq Wars (New York: Routledge), 2018, pp. 10, 29, and 32–33.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42
Leon Wieseltier, “Specks of War” and “Close to Zero,” The New Republic, April 5, 2012, and June 7, 2012, respectively.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43
Judis, “America’s Failure.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44
Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Violent Young Men, Here and Abroad,” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2019.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 45
chapter 9. Fertile Crescent: Part III
Stephen C. Pelletiere, The Kurds: An Unstable Element in the Gulf (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), p. 14.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Robert D. Kaplan, “Redrawing the Mideast Map,” New York Times, February 21, 1999.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Gertrude Bell in a letter to her father, Sir Hugh Bell, in Lady Bell: The Letters of Gertrude Bell, 1927. Susan Meiseles, Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History, with chapter commentaries by Martin van Bruinessen (New York: Random House, 1997), p. 79.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Xenophon (430–354 B.C.), The Persian Expedition, trans. Rex Warner, with an introduction and notes by George Cawkwell (New York: Penguin Books, [1972] 1984), p. 173. Robert D. Kaplan, “Sons of Devils: In a Turbulent Region the Stateless Kurds Play the Role of Spoiler,” The Atlantic, November 1987. The following paragraphs borrow from this article.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Meiseles, Kurdistan, p. 330.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Pishko Shamsi, “The Future of the Kurdistan Region After the Defeat of ISIS and the Failure of the 2017 Independence Referendum,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, Philadelphia, April 1, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Shamsi, “The Future of the Kurdistan Region.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Harriet Allsopp and Wladimir van Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts (London: I.B. Tauris, 2019), pp. 13–16, 20–21, 36, and 61.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Allsopp and Wilgenburg, The Kurds of Northern Syria, pp. 18–20.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Robert E. Hamilton, Chris Miller, and Aaron Stein, Russia’s War in Syria: Assessing Russian Military Capabilities and Lessons Learned (Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2020), p. 2.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Allsopp and Wilgenburg, pp. 194 and 196.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
chapter 10. Safavid Iran
Fuller, The Center of the Universe, p. 16.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Fuller, pp. 241 and 244.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Abbas Amanat, Iran: A Modern History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), pp. 1, 19–21, and 75. Edward Shirley, Know Thine Enemy: A Spy’s Journey into Revolutionary Iran (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997), p. 118.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Roy, The Failure of Political Islam, p. 172.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Shirley, Know Thine Enemy, p. 118.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Coon, Caravan, p. 292.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Macrotrends.net and indexmundi.com.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Fuller, p. 17. Wikipedia.org.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Nikki R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), p. 111.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey to the Frontiers of Anarchy (New York: Random House, 1996), p. 194.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Ray Takeyh, The Last Shah: America, Iran, and the Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021), p. 205.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth, pp. 194–95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Robert D. Kaplan, “A Bazaari’s World: To Understand Iran—and Perhaps Even the Future of Other Parts of the Islamic World—One Must Understand a Man like Mohsen Rafiqdoost,” The Atlantic, March 1996.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth, pp. 227 and 233–34. Osman, Islamism, p. 211.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs, pp. 148 and 150.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Fuller, pp. 13–14.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Nasr, The Shia Revival, pp. 39 and 51.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Mortimer, Faith and Power, pp. 300–01 and 303.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Mortimer, pp. 327–28.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Osman, Islamism, pp. 191–92.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Mortimer, p. 328.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Mortimer, p. 239.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Nasr, p. 126.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Amanat, pp. 741 and 897–98.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Lewis, The Middle East, p. 378.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Amanat, p. 728.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Mortimer, p. 346.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Hill, Trial of a Thousand Years, p. 90.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Robin Wright, The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil and Transformation in Iran (New York: Knopf, 2000), p. xvii.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Amanat, p. 866.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Shirley, pp. 24 and 59.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Nasr, p. 213.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Takeyh, The Last Shah, p. 264.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
chapter 11. Way of the Pathans
Robert D. Kaplan, Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), pp. 23–24 and 79–81.
