8. “Meeting at Air Force Headquarters Building,” April 5, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 5 pp.; “Major General Alfred A. Kessler, Jr,” US Air Force ; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 33, 40.

  9. Deane to Nikitin, April 12, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 1 p.; Deane to Nikitin, April 12, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane to General Evstegneeev, April 12, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane to Nikitin, April 14, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Nikitin to Deane, April 14, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane to Milattaché Amembassy, London; AGWAR, Washington, April 15, 1944, ibid., 1 p.

  10. Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in James Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ American Shuttle Bombing to and from Russian Bases, 26 October 1943–15 June 1944,” Headquarters, Mediterranean Allied Air Force, 1944, in W. Averell Harriman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Box 188, p. 1; Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview on his experiences at Poltava, 1995; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 37–38.

  11. Stuart Nicol, Macqueen’s Legacy, vol. 2, Ships of the Royal Mail Line (Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC, 2001), pp. 130–49; Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” pp. 2–3; Palmer Myhra, A Frantic Saga: A Personal Account of a United States’ Secret Mission inside the Soviet Ukraine during World War II (Iola, WI, 2008), pp. 17–18.

  12. Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” pp. 4–9; Holzman, BBC interview; Ken Gewertz, “From Russia with Thanks: Holzman Awarded Medal for World War II Service,” Harvard Gazette, April 3, 1997; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 53–54.

  13. Agent Report, “Leninakanskii,” May 29, 1944, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 39, 39v; Agent Report, “Shakhter,” May 30, 1944, 2 pp., ibid., fols. 40, 40v; Agent Report, “Kravkov,” June 2, 1944, 2 pp., ibid., fols. 41, 41v.

  14. Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” pp. 8–9; Agent Report, “Pika,” May 17, 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 168–70.

  Chapter 4

  1. Chris Hansen, Enfant Terrible: The Times and Schemes of General Elliott Roosevelt (Tucson, 2012), pp. 357–59; Harriman to Deane, December 3, 1943, NARA, NA/RG 334, box 63, 1 p.; Deane to Elliott Roosevelt, December 3, 1943, ibid., 1 p.

  2. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 310–12.

  3. Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 2, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50; To Colonel Weicker, Subject: Conference with General Grendall, May 13, 1944, 4 pp. in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 66–50; Hansen, Enfant Terrible, pp. 363–65; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 67–68; Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 3, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50.

  4. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 45–46; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 110, 115.

  5. “Perminov, Aleksandr Romanovich,” Tsentr genealogicheskikh issledovanii ; Vladimir Savonchik, “14-ia smeshannia aviatsionnaia diviziia” ; Velikaia Otechestvennaia. Komdivy, Voennyi biograficheskii slovar’, ed. V. P. Goremykin (Moscow, 2014), vol. 2, pp. 561–62.

  6. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” p. 10.

  7. [Albert Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 1941–1944,” Headquarters, USSTAF, 1944, in NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 66, chap. 3, sections 22–23; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 44–45.

  8. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Commissar of State Security Viktor Abakumov, April 30, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, “Delo po agenturno-operativnomu obsluzhivaniiu aviabazy Amerikanskikh VVS, proizvodivshikh chelnochnye operatsii i bazirovavshikhsia na aėrodromakh SSSR Poltava-Mirgorod-Piriatin,” vol. 11, begun 1944, completed 1946, 3 pp.; Lavrentii Beria to Joseph Stalin, May 18, 1944, ibid., 2 pp.

  9. [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Air Force in Europe, 1941–1944” chap. 3, sections 15, 22–23, 33.

  10. A. Nikitin, “Chelnochnye operatsii,” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1975, no. 11: 41–46, here 43.

  11. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 115–16; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 47–49; Sgt. Joe Lockard, “Yanks in Russia,” Yank, the Army Weekly 3, no. 38 (March 9, 1945): 8–9.

  12. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 116–17.

  13. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York, 1946), pp. 217–18.

  14. Viktor Revehuk, Poltavshchyna v roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny (1939–1945) (Poltava, 2004), pp. 41–62.

  15. G. A. Antipovich et al., Poltava: kniga dlia turistov, 2nd ed. (Kharkiv, 1989), pp. 51, 99–100; Revehuk, Poltavshchyna v roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny, pp. 242–67; V. S. Gribov, 1944. Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia. Soiuznicheskaia aktsiia SSSR-SShA (Moscow, 2003), p. 4.

  16. Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (New York, 2015), pp. 73–130; Poltava 1709: The Battle and the Myth, ed. Serhii Plokhy (Cambridge, MA, 2012).

  17. “Pam’iatnyk slavy,” Poltava istorychna .

  18. See the following articles in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (Toronto, 1989): Pavlo Petrenko, “Kotliarevsky, Ivan”; Dmytro Chyzhevsky and Danylo Husar Struk, “Gogol, Nikolai”; Roman Senkus, “Korolenko, Vladimir”; Sviatoslav Hordynsky and Vadym Pavlovsky, “Krychevsky, Vasyl H.”

  19. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, pp. 245–90.

  20. Daily Diary, Entry for May 14, 1944, 34 pp., here 10, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic’”; Serhii Plokhy, “Mapping the Great Famine,” in The Future of the Past: New Perspectives on Ukrainian History (Cambridge, MA, 2016), pp. 375–40; Revehuk, Poltavshchyna v roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny, pp. 41–62.

  21. Lockard, “Yanks in Russia.”

  22. Agent Report, “Pika,” May 17, 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 168–70.

  23. Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 8, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 116–17.

  24. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, pp. 217–18.

  Chapter 5

  1. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 118.

  2. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 217.

  3. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 118; Donald E. Davis and Eugene P. Trani, The Reporter Who Knew Too Much: Harrison Salisbury and the New York Times (Lanham, MD, 2012), chap. 2, “Foreign Correspondent”; Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 2, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50.

  4. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 1, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, November 9, 1943, 3 pp., here 1.

  5. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 1, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.

  6. “US Bombers at Soviet Airfields: Operation Titanic” (Operation Frantic) 1944 USAAF ; “Skvoznoi udar. Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia” (2004) .

  7. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 1, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 116–17.

  8. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 2, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.

  9. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 118; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, pp. 2–3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.

  10. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 119–20.

  11. William N. Hess, B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History of the Flying Fortress (St. Paul, MN, 1994).

  12. Raymond Arthur Davies, Inside Russia Today (Winnipeg, 1945), p. 55; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 120.

  13. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, pp. 2–3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.

  14. V. S. Gribov, 1944. Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, p. 31; Petr Lidov, “Letaiushchie kreposti,” Pravda, June 4, 1944, p. 3.

  15. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 61; Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, Plans, sections 20, 21.

  16. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 59–60.

  17. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, Plans, sections, 18, 20–21; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 60; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 117–18.

  18. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, Plans, sections 19, 21; Bill Gunston, North American P-51 Mustang (New York, 1990).

  19. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, First Shuttle to Russia, section 22.

  20. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, First Shuttle to Russia, sections 22, 23; Conversino, Fighting with the Russians, p. 62.

  21. Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 57; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 120; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.

  22. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 120.

  23. Davies, Inside Russia Today pp. 56, 58–59.

  24. Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 56; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, p. 3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Major Anatolii Zorin, Report on the arrival and departure of US senior officers and dignitaries, June 2, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 21.

  25. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 121.

  Chapter 6

  1. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 219.

  2. Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (New York, 2009), p. 74; Graham Smith, The Mighty Eighth in the Second World War (Newbury, UK, 2001); Richard P. Hallion, “D-Day 1944: Air Power over the Normandy Beaches and Beyond,” Air Force History and Museums Program 1994 ; “D-Day: June 6th 1944 as it happened. Timeline of the D-Day landings of 6th June 1944 hour by hour as events unfolded on the day,” .

  3. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 150–51.

  4. Winston Churchill, “The Invasion of France,” June 6, 1944, House of Commons ; Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 60.

  5. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov and Major Zorin to Commissar of State Security Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o reagirovanii amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh na otkrytie 2-go fronta,” June 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 42–44; Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 60.

  6. Myhra, Frantic Saga, p. 35; Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 60.

  7. Ibid., pp. 60–61.

  8. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 66; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 314.

  9. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Publicity,” sections 24–25; Memorandum of Conversation, Present: US Ambassador Averell Harriman, General Eaker, General Deane, Edward Page, V. M. Molotov, Mr. Berezhkov, June 5, 1944, 3 pp., here 2, ibid., sections 84–86; “Eastern Command Narrative of Operations. 2nd Operation (1st from the USSR bases—6 June 1944, 5th wing, 15th Air Force—Galatz, Rumania, Airdrome,” 2 pp., ibid., sections 192–93.

  10. Message from Spaatz to Walsh for Eaker, June 7, 1944, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Life at the Bases,” section 168.

  11. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 121.

  12. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 56

  13. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 29–31, 64–66.

  14. Ibid., p. 65; Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Life at the Bases,” section 25; Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 56–60.

  15. Daniel Altman, “Franklyn D. Holzman, 83, Economist, Critical of Moscow,” New York Times, September 7, 2002; Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, Ukraine, June 29, 1944.

  16. Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 56, 59.

  17. Ibid., pp. 59–60.

  18. Ibid., pp. 58–59.

  19. Ibid., pp. 52–53.

  20. Ibid., pp. 54–55.

  21. Memo from Lieutenant Colonel William M. Jackson to Colonel Kessler, Commanding Officer, Eastern Command, June 4, 1944, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Medical.”

  22. Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 46–47, 56.

  23. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Medical,” section 16; Captain Robert Newell, “Supplement to Original Sanitary Report,” May 18, 1944, ibid.; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 72–73.

  24. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Medical,” sections 16–17; Captain Robert H. Newell to Colonel Jackson, May 1, 1944, subject: Sanitary Report of temporary accommodations for some members of Detachment 5 at Poltava, May 1, 1944, ibid., Captain Robert H. Newell, “Initial Sanitary Report,” April 28, 1944, 3 pp., ibid.; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 74–76.

  25. Lockard, “Yanks in Russia.”

  26. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010), pp. 21–58; Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine (New York, 2017).

  27. Snyder, Bloodlands, pp. 187–76; Timothy Snyder, Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning (New York, 2015).

  28. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 67–68; Lieutenant Colonel Chernetskii, head of the Poltava oblast Department of the Ministry of State Security to Sergei Savchenko, People’s Commissar of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR, “Dokladnaia zapiska po anglo-amerikantsam,” June 30, 1944, 10 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, “K liternomu delu na Aviabazu VVS SShA s materialami po sviaziam amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh, nachato 25 aprelia 1944, okoncheno 30 avgusta 1952, na 293 listakh,” fols. 52–57.

  29. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Return to Italy,” sections 26–27; “Excerpt-MASAF Intops Summary no. 235, June 11. Focsani North Airdrome Installations—5 Wing,” 4 pp., ibid., sections 201–204.

  30. Message from Arnold to Deane for Harriman, June 14, 1944, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” section 220.

  Chapter 7

  1. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, “Kharakteristika voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava. Sostavlena na osnovanii agenturnykh materialov, poluchennykh s 1 maia po 10 iiunia 1944 g.” June 14, 1944, 12 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168; Chernetskii to Savchenko, “Dokladnaia zapiska po anglo-amerikantsam,” June 30, 1944, 10 pp., here 1–2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1190, “Pervichnye agenturnye materialy na sviazi amerikantsev,” vol. 7, begun January 20, 1945, completed December 30, 1951, fols. 52–53.

  2. Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 36, 52.

  3. “Sveshnikov, Konstantin Alekseevich,” in Nikita Petrov, Kto rukovodil organami gosbezopasnosti: 1941–1954 (Moscow, 2010), p. 774.

  4. Sveshnikov to Abakumov, April 30, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 28–30; Sveshnikov to Colonel Novikov, deputy head of the First Department of the Main Counterintelligence Directorate, People’s Commissariat of Defense, SMERSH, May 8, 1944, ibid., fols. 36–37; “Zorin Anatolii Vladimirovich” .

  5. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov and Major Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, 10 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 1–10, here 7.

  6. “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, fols. 1–10, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168; Major Zorin to Colonel Novikov, May 24, 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 19.

  7. Sveshnikov and Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, fols. 1–2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 1–10.

  8. Major Derevenchuk, Agent Note, April 12, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 27; Head of the 1st department, Colonel Reshetnikov, and head of the 1st division of the 1st department of the Poltava Ministry of Internal Affairs [MVD] Directorate, Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov to Lieutenant Colonel Kovalkov, head of the Ministry of State Security [OKR MGB] department of Kazan garrison, January 29, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, “Perepiska po aviabaze serii K i OK po VVS SShA na 1953 god,” fols. 12.

  9. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Colonel Novikov, June 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, f. 70; Colonel Polkovnikov, head of the SMERSH department attached to Long-Range Aviation units, to Major General Gorgonov, Head, 1st department of the Main Directorate of SMERSH, People’s Commissariat of Defense, July 18, 1944, 2 pp., ibid., fols. 76–77.

  10. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, “Kharakteristika voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava. Sostavlena na osnovanii agenturnykh materialov, poluchennykh s 1 maia po 10 iiunia 1944 g.” June 14, 1944, 12 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 58–69.

 

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