7. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, Background, pp. 21–22.

  8. Ibid., p. 23.

  9. Major General Slavin to Admiral Alafuzov and Komissar gosbezopasnosti Abakumov, February 8, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 457.

  10. Meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, February 5, 1945, in FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, p. 594; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 216–22.

  11. “Roosevelt-Stalin Meeting, February 8, 1945,” in FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, pp. 766–71; My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 292–93.

  12. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 166–70.

  13. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 406–14; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 241–51; “Third Plenary meeting, February 6, ‘The Polish Question,’ ” FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, pp. 667–71.

  14. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 182–90; “Bilateral Document, Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union Concerning the Liberated Prisoners of War and Civilians,” FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, pp. 985–87.

  15. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 186–90; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 416; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 298–305.

  16. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 184.

  17. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 362–63.

  18. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), p. 879; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 328–29.

  19. Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 116–17.

  20. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 177.

  Chapter 16

  1. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 297–99.

  2. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 190–96; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 419–20.

  3. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 298–99.

  4. Lt. Col. James D. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” section “Russian Reactions,” p. 13, NARA, RG 334, Box 22, Prisoners of War; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 70; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 191; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 188–90.

  5. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 71; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 195–96; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 193.

  6. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” p. 12.

  7. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 191–94; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 73; Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” p. 15.

  8. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 73–74.

  9. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” pp. 1–3; Communiqué of the Polish-Soviet Extraordinary Commission for Investigating the Crimes Committed by the Germans in the Majdanek Extermination Camp in Lublin, ed. A. Witos et al. (Moscow, 1944); Tomasz Kranz, “Ewidencja zgonów i śmiertelność więźniów KL Lublin,” Zeszyty Majdanka 23 ([Lublin], 2005): 7–53.

  10. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” pp. 4–5; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 196.

  11. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 299–300.

  12. Captain William Fitchen, Interrogation Form: [First] Pilot Lt. Peede, March 17, 1945, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, “Report on Former Prisoners of War,” 4 pp., here 3, NARA, RG 334, box 67; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 50, 73; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 190.

  13. Captain William Fitchen, “Report of an interview with three former prisoners of war, First Lieutenant Cory, Second Lieutenant Murphy, and Second Lieutenant Gaich,” February 21, 1945, 4 pp., Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67; “Beliaev, Vladimir Pavlovich,” Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Ėntsiklopediia (Moscow, 1969), s.v.; Iurii Nagibin, Dnevnik (Moscow, 2009), pp. 124–28.

  14. Captain William Fitchen, “Report of an interview with three former prisoners of war, Capt. Slanina, Second Lieutenant Young, and First Lieutenant Englander,” February 22, 1945, p. 1, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 73–77.

  15. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 78; Captain Robert M. Trimble et al., “Report on Flight to Rzeszow, Staszow, Lwow, Poland, March 17, 1945,” 5 pp., here 1–3, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 117–42.

  16. Trimble et al., “Report on Flight to Rzeszow, Staszow, Lwow, Poland, March 17, 1945,” 5 pp., here 3–4.

  17. Ibid., p. 4; “Report by Sgt. Richard J. Beadle,” 2 pp., Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67.

  18. Trimble et al., “Report on Flight to Rzeszow, Staszow, Lwow, Poland, March 17, 1945,” 5 pp., here 4; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 168–74, 180–82.

  19. My Dear Mr. Stalin, p. 300.

  20. Harriman to Roosevelt, March 12, 1945, in FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, Europe, vol. 5; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 198; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 420–21.

  21. My Dear Mr. Stalin, p. 300.

  22. Ibid., pp. 301–302.

  23. Harriman and Abel. Special Envoy, pp. 421–22.

  24. Lt. Col. James D. Wilmeth, Memorandum to General Deane, Reference: Lublin Trip, Poltava, USSR, April 13, 1945, 9 pp. in NARA, RG 334, Box 22; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 78.

  25. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 78–79; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 196.

  Chapter 17

  1. Major Zorin to Abakumov, April 2, 1945, pp. 1–2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 471–72.

  2. William Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 7, in NARA, RG 334; United States Military Mission to Moscow, Operation “Frantic,” October 1943–October 1945, Box 66: Engineer to Intelligence.

  3. Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, April 10, 1945, “Informatsionnaia dokladnaia zapiska,” 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 499.

  4. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 358–64.

  5. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 432–39.

  6. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 303–17.

  7. Fred L. Borch, “Two Americans and the Angry Russian Bear: Army Air Force Pilots Court-Martialed for Offending the Soviet Union during World War II,” Prologue Magazine 43, no. 1 (Spring 2011) .

  8. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 201–202.

  9. Borch, “Two Americans and the Angry Russian Bear.”

  10. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, “Spravka,” April 30, 1944, 2 pp., here 2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 32; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 230–31.

  11. Borch, “Two Americans and the Angry Russian Bear”; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 203–204.

  12. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 1–2; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 203.

  13. Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, April 10, 1945, “Informatsionnaia dokladnaia zapiska,” 4 pp., here 3, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 499.

  14. Ibid.; Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 1–2.

  15. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 1.

  16. Agent Report, “Kozlov,” April 1, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, f. 491; Agent Report, “Moskvichka,” April 2, 1945, ibid., fol. 490.

  17. Fischer, Insatiable, p. 122.

  18. Ibid.; “Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan, April 5, 1945,” The Department of State Bulletin 12, no. 305 (April 29, 1945) .

  19. Dmitrii Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia: Politicheskii portret I. V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989), bk. 2, pt. 1, p. 373; Zorin to Abakumov, April 2, 1945, p. 2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 471; Major Zorin, “Spravka,” April 3, 1945, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 485–86; Arkhiv rozstrilianoho vidrodzhennia: materialy arkhivno-slidchykh sprav ukraïns’kykh pys’mennykiv 1920–1930-kh rokiv, comp. Oleksandr and Leonid Ushkalov (Kyiv, 2010), p. 376.

  20. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 6; Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, April 10, 1945, “Informatsionnaia dokladnaia zapiska,” 4 pp., here 3, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 499.

  21. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 6.

  22. Ibid., chap. 1, Operations, pp. 3–4, 8; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 233–40, 243.

  23. My Dear Mr. Stalin, p. 322.

  Chapter 18

  1. On Melby, see Robert P. Newman, The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989).

  2. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 440–41.

  3. Ibid., pp. 441–43; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 883–84.

  4. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 445–46; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 205; Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, pp. 319–20.

  5. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 2, Activities, p. 1.

  6. Ibid., chap. 2, Activities, pp. 1–2.

  7. Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, April 14, 1945; Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview, 1995.

  8. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 6–7; chap. 2, Activities, p. 1.

  9. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 206–207.

  10. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 382–83.

  11. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 447–53; Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, pp. 320–27.

  12. Samuel Chavkin, “Russia-based Yanks parade with Red Army,” Franklyn Holzman collection; Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 6–7; chap. 2, Activities, p. 2.

  13. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 2, Activities, p. 3; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 208.

  14. Fischer, Insatiable, p. 120; Bertha Markoosha Fischer, My Lives in Russia (New York, 1944).

  15. Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 121–22.

  16. Major Zorin to General Major Gorgonov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izuchenii razvedyvatel’noi deiatel’nosti amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh Poltavskoi bazy,” February 12, 1945, 11 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 415–25; Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izmenenii otnoshenii mezhdu lichnym sostavom amerikanskoi bazy i voennosluzhashchimi 169 ABON,” February 7, 1945, 5 pp., here 5, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 410–14; Agent Report, “Kozlov,” June 1945, 1 p, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 98; Captain Zakharov, “Vypiska iz dokladnoi zapiski gvardii kapitana Zakharova,” July 10, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 106.

  17. Major Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob operativno-agenturnom obsluzhivanii amerikanskoi aviabazy ‘chelnochnykh pereletov,’ ” June 23, 1945, 30 pp., here 10, 17, 24, 25, 28, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 559–88; Colonel Chernetskii, Captain Mikhaliuk and Senior Lieutenant Nefedov to Fedotov (Moscow), “Dokladnaia zapiska o rezul’tatakh agenturno-operativnogo obsluzhivaniia amerikanskoi aviabazy v Poltave za period dekabr’ 1944—ianvar’ 1945,” February 7, 1945, 18 pp., here 1, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, fols. 146–48.

  18. Colonel Reshetnikov and Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov, “Spravka na voennosluzhashchego byvshei Poltavskoi bazy VVS SShA—Chavkina Samuila,” January 1952, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 60–62; Major Zorin and Captain Mikhaliuk, “Spravka: Chavkin, Samuil,” 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 157–58; Agent Report, “Valik,” November 15, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 65; Agent Report, “Markov,” January 1945, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 90; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “O sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 333.

  19. Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, February 21, May 1, and May 10, 1945.

  20. For SMERSH reports on Philip Mishchenko and Yelena Semizhenova, see SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 3–36.

  21. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 October 1944 to 1 April 1945,” chap. 5, Personnel Relations, pp. 31–32.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Agent Report, “Markov.” May 1945, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 125.

  24. Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 256–58.

  Chapter 19

  1. “Spravka na byvshego komandira 169 aviabazy osobogo naznacheniia VVS VS SSSR general-maiora aviatsii Kovaleva Stepana Korneevicha,” SBU Archives, fol. 13, no. 1169, fols. 673–76.

  2. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 102–16; Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, 1997).

  3. “Perminov, Aleksandr Romanovich,” The Generals of World War II .

  4. “Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Air Directorate, Held at Berlin, December 18, 1945, 10:30 a.m.,” FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1945: European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany, vol. 3; “U.S. Note Documents Western Position on Unrestricted Air Access to Berlin,” Department of State Bulletin, vol. 45 (July–September, 1961) .

  5. Sovetskaia administratsiia v Germanii, 1945–1949. Deiatel’nost’ upravleniia SVAG po izucheniiu dostizhenii nemetskoi nauki i tekhniki v Sovetskoi zone okkupatsii, ed. V. V. Zakharov (Moscow, 2007), pp. 398–40; Georgii Litvin, Na razvalinakh tret’ego Reikha, ili maiatnik voiny (Moscow, 1998), chap. 1; Sovetskaia voennaia administratsiia v Germanii, 1945–1949: Spravochnik (Moscow, 2009), p. 840.

  6. John Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York, 2012), pp. 215–22; Joseph Stalin, “Rech’ na predvybornom sobranii izbiratelei Stalinskogo izbiratel’nogo okruga g. Moskvy, February 9, 1946,” Propagandist, nos. 1–4 (February 1946): 11.

  7. Montefiore, Stalin, pp. 532–37.

  8. Marshal of Aviation Aleksandr Golovanov in Feliks Chuev, Soldaty imperii: besedy, vospominaniia, dokumenty (Moscow, 1998), p. 267; A. M. Khorobrykh, Glavnyi marshal aviatsii A. A. Novikov (Moscow, 1989), p. 268.

  9. Vladimir Zhukhrai, Stalin: pravda i lozh’ (Moscow, 1996), p. 235.

  10. Aleksandr Melenberg, “Trofei marshala Zhukova,” Novaia gazeta, June 9, 2003.

  11. “Postanovlenie Politbiuro TsK KPSS ‘O t. Zhukove G. K., Marshale Sovetskogo Soiuza,’ ” January 20, 1948, Fond Aleksandra Iakovleva, Arkhiv .

  12. “Kutsevalov, Timofei Fedorovich,” Generals of World War II .

  13. “Kriukov, Grigorii Viktorovich,” Geroi strany ; “Doch’ Lidii Ruslanovoi i generala Kriukova rasskazala o frontovykh budniakh,” Moskovskii komsomolets, May 7, 2015.

  14. “Spravka na byvshego komandira 169 aviabazy osobogo naznacheniia VVS VS SSSR general-maiora aviatsii Kovaleva Stepana Korneevicha,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 673–76.

  15. See the list of awards and Shchepankov’s report at Pamiat’ naroda .

  16. “Spravka na byvshego komandira 169 aviabazy osobogo naznacheniia VVS VS SSSR general-maiora aviatsii Kovaleva Stepana Korneevicha.”

  17. Major Zorin, “Spravka,” January 9, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 116–18; “Ivan Ivanovich Moskalenko,” in Kto rukovodil organami Gosbezopasnosti, 1941–1954: Spravochnik, ed. N. V. Petrov (Moscow, 2010); “Kovalev, Stepan Korneevich,” Bessmertnyi polk, Moskva .

  Chapter 20

  1. “Major General Robert L. Walsh,” U.S. Air Force .

  2. Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (Cambridge, 1987); John Lewis Gaddis, “Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?” Foreign Affairs 52, no. 2 (1974): 386–402; Dennis Merrill, “The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. 1 (2006): 27–37; Michael Holm, The Marshall Plan: A New Deal for Europe (Abingdon, UK, 2016).

  3. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996), pp. 50–51.

  4. William R. Harris, “The March Crisis of 1948, Act I,” Studies in Intelligence 10, no. 4 (1966): 3–5.

  5. Ibid., pp. 5–8.

  6. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life (New York, 1990), p. 488.

  7. Roger Gene Miller, To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (College Station, TX, 2000); “Major General Robert L. Walsh,” U.S. Air Force

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