The code breaker, p.49
The Code Breaker, page 49
10. Jingyou Yu… and Dan H. Barouch, “DNA Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Macaques,” Science, May 20, 2020.
11. Author’s interviews with Josiah Zayner; Kristen Brown, “Home-Made Vaccine Appeared to Work, but Questions Remain,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, Oct. 10, 2020.
12. The Ochsner Health system clinical trial of Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine BNT162b2, led by Julia Garcia-Diaz, director of Clinical Infectious Diseases Research, and Leonardo Seoane, chief academic officer.
13. Author’s interview with Francis Collins; “Bioethics Consultation Service Consultation Report,” Department of Bioethics, NIH Clinical Center, July 31, 2020.
14. Sharon LaFraniere, Katie Thomas, Noah Weiland, David Gelles, Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Denise Grady, “Politics, Science and the Remarkable Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 2020; author’s interviews with Noubar Afeyan, Moncef Slaoui, Philip Dormitzer, Christine Heenan.
Chapter 54: CRISPR Cures
1. David Dorward… and Christopher Lucas, “Tissue-Specific Tolerance in Fatal COVID-19,” medRxiv, July 2, 2020; Bicheng Zhag… and Jun Wan, “Clinical Characteristics of 82 Cases of Death from COVID-19,” Plos One, July 9, 2020.
2. Ed Yong, “Immunology Is Where Intuition Goes to Die,” The Atlantic, Aug. 5, 2020.
3. Author’s interview with Cameron Myhrvold.
4. Jonathan Gootenberg, Omar Abudayyeh… Cameron Myhrvold… Eugene Koonin… Pardis Sabeti… and Feng Zhang, “Nucleic Acid Detection with CRISPR-Cas13a/C2c2,” Science, Apr. 28, 2017.
5. Cameron Myhrvold, Catherine Freije, Jonathan Gootenberg, Omar Abudayyeh… Feng Zhang, and Pardis Sabeti, “Field-Deployable Viral Diagnostics Using CRISPR-Cas13,” Science, Apr. 27, 2018.
6. Author’s interview with Cameron Myhrvold.
7. Cameron Myhrvold to Pardis Sabeti, Dec. 22, 2016.
8. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) grant D18AC00006.
9. Susanna Hamilton, “CRISPR-Cas13 Developed as Combination Antiviral and Diagnostic System,” Broad Communications, Oct. 11, 2019.
10. Catherine Freije, Cameron Myhrvold… Omar Abudayyeh, Jonathan Gootenberg… Feng Zhang, and Pardis Sabeti, “Programmable Inhibition and Detection of RNA Viruses Using Cas13,” Molecular Cell, Dec. 5, 2019 (received Apr. 16, 2019; revised July 18, 2019; accepted Sept. 6, 2019; published online Oct. 10, 2019); Tanya Lewis, “Scientists Program CRISPR to Fight Viruses in Human Cells,” Scientific American, Oct. 23, 2019.
11. Cheri Ackerman, Cameron Myhrvold… and Pardis C. Sabeti, “Massively Multiplexed Nucleic Acid Detection with Cas13m,” Nature, Apr. 29, 2020 (received Mar. 20, 2020; accepted Apr. 20, 2020).
12. Jon Arizti-Sanz, Catherine Freije… Pardis Sabeti, and Cameron Myhrvold, “Integrated Sample Inactivation, Amplification, and Cas13-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2,” bioRxiv, May 28, 2020.
13. Author’s interviews with Stanley Qi.
14. Silvana Konermann… and Patrick Hsu, “Transcriptome Engineering with RNA-Targeting Type VI-D CRISPR Effectors,” Cell, Mar. 15, 2018.
15. Steven Levy, “Could CRISPR Be Humanity’s Next Virus Killer?,” Wired, Mar. 10, 2020.
16. Timothy Abbott… and Lei [Stanley] Qi, “Development of CRISPR as a Prophylactic Strategy to Combat Novel Coronavirus and Influenza,” bioRxiv, Mar. 14, 2020.
17. Author’s interview with Stanley Qi.
18. IGI weekly Zoom meeting, Mar. 22, 2020; author’s interviews with Stanley Qi and Jennifer Doudna.
19. Stanley Qi, Jennifer Doudna, and Ross Wilson, “A White Paper for the Development of Novel COVID-19 Prophylactic and Therapeutics Using CRISPR Technology,” unpublished, Apr. 2020.
20. Author’s interviews with Ross Wilson; Ross Wilson, “Engineered CRISPR RNPs as Targeted Effectors for Genome Editing of Immune and Stem Cells In Vivo,” unpublished, Apr. 2020.
21. Theresa Duque, “Cellular Delivery System Could Be Missing Link in Battle against SARS-CoV-2,” Berkeley Lab News, June 4, 2020.
Chapter 55: Cold Spring Harbor Virtual
1. Kevin Bishop and others gave me permission to quote them from the meeting.
2. Andrew Anzalone… David Liu, et al., “Search-and-Replace Genome Editing without Double-Strand Breaks or Donor DNA,” Nature, Dec. 5, 2019 (received Aug. 26; accepted Oct. 10; published online Oct. 21).
3. Megan Molteni, “A New Crispr Technique Could Fix Almost All Genetic Diseases,” Wired, Oct. 21, 2019; Sharon Begley, “New CRISPR Tool Has the Potential to Correct Almost All Disease-Causing DNA Glitches,” Stat, Oct. 21, 2019; Sharon Begley, “You Had Questions for David Liu,” Stat, Nov. 6, 2019.
4. Beverly Mok… David Liu, et al., “A Bacterial Cytidine Deaminase Toxin Enables CRISPR-Free Mitochondrial Base Editing,” Nature, July 8, 2020.
5. Jonathan Hsu… David Liu, Keith Joung, Lucan Pinello, et al., “PrimeDesign Software for Rapid and Simplified Design of Prime Editing Guide RNAs,” bioRxiv, May 4, 2020.
6. Audrone Lapinaite, Gavin Knott… David Liu, and Jennifer A. Doudna, “DNA Capture by a CRISPR-Cas9–Guided Adenine Base Editor,” Science, July 31, 2020.
Chapter 56: The Nobel Prize
1. Author’s interviews with Heidi Ledford, Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier.
2. Jennifer Doudna, “How COVID-19 Is Spurring Science to Accelerate,” The Economist, June 5, 2020. See also Jane Metcalfe, “COVID-19 Is Accelerating Human Transformation—Let’s Not Waste It,” Wired, July 5, 2020.
3. Michael Eisen, “Patents Are Destroying the Soul of Academic Science,” it is NOT junk (blog), Feb. 20, 2017.
4. “SARS-CoV-2 Sequence Read Archive Submissions,” National Center for Biotechnology Information, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/, n.d.
5. Simine Vazire, “Peer-Reviewed Scientific Journals Don’t Really Do Their Job,” Wired, June 25, 2020.
6. Author’s interview with George Church.
7. Author’s interview with Emmanuelle Charpentier.
INDEX
A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Page numbers in italics refer to photographs.
Abbott, Tim, 455
Abbott Labs, 430
abortion, 293, 337
Abudayyeh, Omar, 425, 426, 428, 451
ACE2 protein, 404
Achenbach, Joel, 229
ACTN3 gene, 349
adenine, 26, 27
adenoviruses, 438, 456
Advanced Photon Source, 85–86
Aeschylus, 243
Afeyan, Noubar, 442, 447
African Americans COVID vaccines and, 461
as researchers, 461
sickle-cell anemia and, see sickle-cell anemia
and skin color as disadvantage, 347–48
Watson’s comments on race, 37, 49, 386–92, 394
Agee, James, 265
AIDS and HIV, 166, 305, 390, 431 He Jiankui’s removal of HIV receptor in embryos, xv–xvi, 251, 303–13, 316–24, 369, 404
sperm-washing and, 305, 322
Alda, Alan, 221
Alexander, Lamar, 328
Alliance of Chief Executives, 116
Altman, Sidney, 44–45, 53
Alzheimer’s, 250, 251, 324, 339, 365
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 268
American Cancer Society, 465
American Masters: Decoding Watson (PBS documentary), 384, 386, 389–90, 392, 393
American Society for Microbiology conference (2011), 119, 127–28
American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 90
Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Nozick), 357–58
Anderson, French, 276
Andreasen, Nancy, 352
Andromeda Strain, The (Crichton), 271
antibiotics bacterial resistance to, 121–22
penicillin, 56, 122
antigen tests, 430–31
APOE4 gene, 251
Apple, 358, 463 “Think Different” ad, 326, 371
Apollo program, 417
archaea, 71–73, 155
Argonne National Laboratory, 85–86
Aristotle, 464
Ashkenazi Jews, 389
Asilomar, 266, 269–73, 278, 286–88, 330, 331
Asimov, Isaac, 13
Aspen Institute, 228
Associated Press (AP), 308–10, 319, 321
AstraZeneda, 439
Atlantic, 281
atom bomb, xvii, 89, 117, 224, 265, 338
atoms, 8
autism, 346
Avery, Oswald, 17
Avoid Boring People (Watson), 386–87
Ax, Emanuel, 388
Azar, Alex, 407–9
babies, designer, 355–56 see also CRISPR babies
bacteria, 34, 71–73, 155, 216 antibiotic resistance in, 121–22
cloning genes from, 34–35
E. coli, 71, 72, 74, 98
fruiting bodies formed by, 33
oil spills and, 232
in ponds, 402
Streptococcus pyogenes, 122, 139, 182
Streptococcus thermophilus, 91, 182
in yogurt starter cultures, xviii, 90–92, 133, 143
bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria), see phages
Baltimore, David, 270, 272, 282, 287–88, 293, 330 at International Summit on Human Genome Editing, 315, 321, 323, 324
Bancel, Stéphane, 442
Banfield, Jillian, 78, 79, 97, 402, 472 Doudna invited to work on CRISPR by, xviii, 77, 79–80, 81, 93, 471
Bannister, Roger, 326
Bardeen, John, 90
Barnabé, Duilio, 395
Barrangou, Rodolphe, 88, 90–93, 143–46, 148, 149, 177, 178, 213, 217, 220, 223, 309, 470
Bayh-Dole Act, 232
BBC, 386
Beagle, HMS, 11–12
Beam Therapeutics, 461
Beckinsale, Kate, 219
Beijing Review, 301
Bell Labs, 89–90, 201
Belluck, Pam, 307
Berg, Paul, 98–100, 153, 232, 287–88, 330 at Asilomar, 266, 269–73
Watson and, 271
Berkeley, University of California at, 64–65, 114, 115, 117, 397 COVID and, xiii-xv
Doudna at, xiii–xv, xvii, 64–65, 83, 98, 101, 107
Doudna and Charpentier’s patent with, 207–8, 210, 219, 224, 233–40
Doudna’s lab at, 103–11, 104, 117
Isaacson learns to edit at, xiv, 378, 379–83
entrepreneurship and, 115–16
Haas School of Business, 115
Innovative Genomics Institute, 248, 261, 380–82, 401–3, 456
COVID and, 401–5, 413–18, 419
Berkeley Fire Department, 406, 418
Berkeley National Laboratory, 64, 87, 117, 456–57
Better Than Human (Buchanan), 310
Biden, Joe, 465
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 118, 248, 439
biochemistry, 18, 29–35, 51, 80, 183, 201, 478
bioconservatives, 267–69, 280
Biogen, 206
biohacking, 253–57, 263, 285, 288, 443–44
biology, 8, 133, 183, 474 bringing into the home, 432–33, 445, 460
central dogma of, 44, 47, 270
public interest in, 460, 473
structural, 18, 51–53, 80, 166
BioNTech, 435, 441, 445, 447
Bio-Revolution and Its Implications for Army Combat Capabilities, The (conference), 262–63
biotechnology, 64, 98–100, 113–15, 153, 211, 232, 461, 477 Asilomar and, 269–73
commercial development of, 288
crowdsourcing and, 256–57, 285
moral concerns about, see moral questions
patents in, 232
regulation of, 270, 278, 281
utopians vs. bioconservatives and, 267–69
see also genetic engineering
bipolar disorder, 177, 327, 352–53
Bishop, Kevin, 461
bits (binary digits), xvii, 28
Bitterman, Kevin, 209–10
Black Death, 447
black markets, 291
blindness, xviii, 250
Blue Room meeting, 206, 207
Bohr, Niels, 224
Bondy-Denomy, Joseph, 258, 260–61
Borgia, Cesare, 259
Boston Globe, 291
Bourla, Albert, 447
Boyer, Herbert, 96, 98–100, 153, 232, 266, 270
Bragg, Lawrence, 20, 23, 26
brain, 167, 207 experience machine and, 353
Brannigan, David, 418
Brave New World (Huxley), xv, 267, 269, 280, 281, 353, 358–59
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 219–21
breeding, 11, 12, 14
Brenner, Sydney, 266, 272
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 410
Brin, Sergey, 219
Britain, 278, 294 Medical Research Council in, 26
Nuffield Council in, 293, 294
Parliamentary and Scientific Committee in, 333
Royal Society in, 292
Broad, Eli and Edythe, 175
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, xv, 64, 144, 160, 175–78, 187, 189, 192, 206, 330, 388, 425, 450, 453, 461 COVID and, 410–11, 429
founding of, 175
Lander as director of, 64, 144, 160, 175, 216, 220, 223, 225–28
Zhang at, xv, 159, 161, 177, 179, 184–86, 189, 374, 421, 423, 424, 450–51, 454
Zhang’s patent with, 192, 207–8, 210–11, 219, 224–27, 233–40
Brouns, Stan, 84
Brown, Louise (first test-tube baby), 274, 313, 328
Buchanan, Allen, 309–10
Buchman, Lauren, 284–86
Burger, Warren, 232
Bush, George W., 280
Bush, Vannevar, 89, 117
calculus, 159
California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), 116
Caltech, 270
Cambridge University Cavendish Laboratory, 20–23, 26
Camus, Albert, 399
cancer, xviii, 100, 177, 259, 339, 365, 441, 442 CRISPR and, xviii, 249–51
Canseco, José, 349
Carey, Mariah, 352
Caribou Biosciences, 113–18, 203, 207–8, 213 Intellia Therapeutics, 213
CARMEN, 453, 460
Carroll, Dana, 185
Carter, Jimmy, 273
CARVER, 452–53, 455–57
“Case Against Perfection, The” (Rawls), 281
“Case for Developing America’s Talent, A” (study), 164
Cas enzymes, see CRISPR-associated enzymes
Casey Eye Institute, 250
Cassidy, Bill, 328–29
Cate, Andrew, xiii, 62, 63, 97, 101, 114, 132, 199, 209, 328, 368, 402, 465, 468, 470
Cate, Jamie, xiii, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63–64, 97, 101, 114, 199, 381, 402, 422, 424, 468, 470, 472 Jennifer’s marriage to, 63
Cavendish Laboratory, 20–23, 26
CDC, 407–10
CDKN1C gene, 349–50
Cech, Thomas, 44–45, 49, 53–56
Celera, 39, 40
Cell, 143, 146, 376 Lander’s “Heroes of CRISPR” piece in, 182, 223–29, 388
Cell Reports, 143
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 407–10
Chan, Priscilla, 472
character, 345–46
Chargaff, Erwin, 273
Charité, 124
Charles, Prince, 100
Charo, Alta, 288, 316
Charpentier, Emmanuelle, 119–28, 120, 129–32, 130, 138, 147, 204, 214, 283, 292, 330, 385, 477 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences awarded to, 219–21
Church and, 206
Church’s email to Doudna and, 173, 197
company formations and, 205–7, 209, 213
CRISPR Therapeutics, 207, 213, 245, 465
CRISPR paper of (2011), 125–27, 131, 147, 179–80, 185, 218
CRISPR paper written by Doudna and (2012), 126, 137–41, 144–46, 148, 149, 156, 172–73, 179, 180, 182–86, 191, 192, 194–95, 202, 227, 233, 237–38, 374–75
CRISPR paper written by Doudna and (2014), 215
CRISPR patent of Doudna and, 207–8, 210, 219, 224, 233–40
Doudna’s collaboration with, 135, 140, 160, 183, 199–200, 206, 215–21, 464–67, 475
Doudna’s meeting of, 119, 122, 127–28, 200
Doudna’s rift with, 215–21, 464, 466
Gray and, 247
Jinek and, 128
Kavli Prize awarded to, 221
Lander and, 220, 223–24
Lander’s “Heroes of CRISPR” and, 223–29, 388
media and, 216
Nobel Prize awarded to Doudna and, xix, 468, 469–73
Novak and, 122, 205–7, 213
proprietary feelings about CRISPR-Cas9, 216
tracrRNA work of, 124–27, 131, 217–18, 225
Chase, Leah, 479
chemistry, 8, 19 biochemistry, 18, 29–35, 51, 80, 183, 201, 478
Doudna’s study of, 31–34
Chen, Janice, 420, 421–24, 429–32, 451, 460
Chernobyl disaster, 262
Chez Boulay, 376
Chez Panisse, 140–41, 145
chimpanzees, 438
China, 294–95, 300, 427 Academy of Sciences in, 292, 319
cancer treatment in, 249
COVID in, 263, 403, 452
editing of nonviable embryos in, 288, 290
genetic engineering in, 301
germline editing prohibited in, 292, 317
SARS outbreaks in, 65, 403
South University of Science and Technology in, 300–301
cholesterol, 251
