The code breaker, p.50
The Code Breaker, page 50
Choudhary, Amit, 260
Church, Gaylord, 170
Church, George, 40–41, 48, 158, 160, 167, 168, 169–74, 211, 212, 228, 262, 291, 360, 385, 470, 472, 474 Charpentier and, 206
childhood of, 170–71
company formations and, 203–6, 208, 209, 213
in competition to adapt CRISPR into tool for gene editing in humans, 64, 160, 173–74, 192–95, 197–99, 201, 202
Cong and, 177, 178, 192–94
CRISPR paper of, 192, 194–95, 197, 199, 201, 202
CRISPR paper sent to Doudna by, 197, 234
DARPA grant received by, 260
Doudna on, 172–74
at Duke, 171–72
email to Doudna and Charpentier, 173, 197
germline editing and, 291, 292, 303
Happy Healthy Baby and, 286
at Harvard, 172
Lander and, 172, 227–28
Lander’s “Heroes of CRISPR” and, 225–26
Neanderthal idea of, 205
Personal Genetics Education Project of, 220–21
prizes and, 220–21
woolly mammoth project of, 160, 169, 172
Zayner and, 255
Zhang and, 167, 174, 175, 178, 192–94
Chylinski, Krzysztof, 125, 128, 129–31, 130, 135, 142 CRISPR conference presentation of, 141, 147–48
CRISPR paper and, 137, 140
citizen involvement in science, 263, 445
Clapper, James, 259
Clinton, Bill, 39–40, 309
cloning, 34–35, 98, 153, 280, 313, 415–16
codons, 190, 191–92, 194
cognitive skills, 354, 376 intelligence, 354, 360–62, 376
Watson’s comments on, 385–87, 389–90, 392, 397
memory, 354
Cohen, Jon, 316
Cohen, Stanley, 98, 153, 232
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 37–38, 48–49, 53, 271, 298, 385–91, 458 Blackford Bar at, 462–63
CRISPR conferences at, 302, 304, 385, 391, 393, 397, 415, 458, 459–67
founding of, 37, 463
Watson as director of, 37
Watson disassociated from, 386, 387, 390
Watson portrait at, 302, 384, 386, 390, 396
Collins, Francis, 36, 39–40, 294, 325, 329–31, 364, 390, 446
Columbia University, 98
Comfort, Nathaniel, 226–27
computers, xvii, 117, 163–64, 256, 358–59, 432 hacking of, 263
internet, xvii, 117, 262, 359
software, 432
open-source, 163, 256
Cong, Le, 177–78, 184, 192–94
Congress, U.S., 290–91, 294, 325, 328–29
Constitution, U.S., 231
contact tracing, 257
Conti, Elena, 84–85
continuum conundrum, 337–38
Copenhagen (Frayn), 224
Coppola, Francis Ford, 352
coronaviruses, 47, 90, 270, 339, 365, 451 CRISPR systems to detect, 118
name of, 404
PAC-MAN and, 454–57, 460
RNA of, 65, 403–4
RNA interference and, 66–67
SARS, 65, 403, 441
SARS-CoV-2, 403–4
see also COVID-19 pandemic
coronary heart disease, 251
Costolo, Dick, 219
Council of Europe, 278
Count Me In, 177
COVID-19 pandemic, xiii, xv, xvii, 251, 257, 262, 335, 373, 399–475, 477 Berkeley and, xiii–xv
Innovative Genomics Institute, 401–5, 413–18, 419
China origin of, 263, 403, 452
Cold Spring Harbor conference and, 459–62
CRISPR cures and, xviii, 449–57
PAC-MAN, 454–57, 460
deaths in, 404, 449
legacies of, 473–75
SARS-CoV-2 in, 403–4
testing and, xiv–xv, 405, 406, 407–11, 413–18, 427–33
antigen tests, 430–31
Broad Institute and, 410–11, 429
CDC and, 407–10
CRISPR and, 413, 417, 421–25, 427–33, 453
Fauci and, 410
FDA and, 407–10
first person in U.S. to test positive, 407
Mammoth Biosciences and, 423–25, 429–32
PCR tests, 408, 413, 416, 421, 425, 428, 430
Sherlock Biosciences and, 428, 430
Trump administration and, 411
University of Washington and, 409–10, 415
Zhang and, 421, 427–32
vaccines and, 434, 435–47, 449
clinical trials of, 435–36, 440–41, 445–46, 461
Fauci and, 442
FDA and, 446
Isaacson in trial of, 435–36, 440–41, 445–46
cowpox, 436
Crichton, Michael, 271
Crick, Francis, 20–28, 47, 166, 389, 475 at Asilomar, 269
on central dogma of biology, 44
in DNA double-helix structure discovery, xviii, 7, 11, 26–28, 29–31, 46, 51, 58, 159, 423, 470
with DNA model, 16
Franklin’s work and, 25, 26
Nobel Prize awarded to, 28, 470
Watson’s meeting of, 20
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), 69–149, 449–50, 477, 480 anti-CRISPRs, 260–61
as bacterial immune system, xiv, xviii, xix, 67, 86, 87
Banfield’s enlistment of Doudna to work on, xviii, 77, 79–80, 81, 93, 471
Barrangou and Horvath’s work on, 90–93, 143–44, 177, 178, 220, 223, 470
diagram of mechanism of, 133
discovery of, 71–77
DNA targeting in, xiv, xviii, 67, 76–77, 86, 87, 93–94, 106, 111, 131, 132, 133, 146, 217
Doudna’s creation of team for studying, 103–11
enzymes in, see CRISPR-associated enzymes
in vitro vs. in vivo studies of, 80, 94–95, 183, 191, 202
Koonin’s study of, 76–77, 80, 92
and linear model of innovation, 90
Mojica’s study of, 71–76, 80, 91, 92, 220, 223, 224, 470, 479
naming of, 73
RNA in, 79, 108, 133
Cas13 targeting of RNA, 423–25, 429, 451, 452, 454–57
CRISPR RNA (crRNA), 86, 106, 124–26, 131–35, 137–39, 143, 146, 147, 180, 184, 186, 217
RNA interference, 77, 79, 93
single-guide RNA (sgRNA), 134–35, 139, 186, 190, 191, 195, 198
trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA), 124–27, 131, 134, 135, 139, 146–47, 179–80, 182, 184–86, 217–18, 225
viruses’ disabling of, 260–61
yogurt starter cultures and, xviii, 90–92, 133, 143
CRISPR applications, 243–63 affordability of, 247–48
biohacking, 253–57, 263, 285, 288, 443–44
coronavirus testing, 413, 417
cures for viral infections, 449–57
CARVER, 452–53, 455–57
PAC-MAN, 454–57, 460
defense against terrorists, 259–63
diagnostic tests for cancers, 250
diagnostic tests for viruses, 115, 118, 421–25, 431–32, 451
at-home tests, 430–32, 460
coronavirus, 413, 417, 421–25, 427–33, 453
HPV, 422–23
ex vivo and in vivo, 246, 250
germline (inheritable) editing, see human germline editing
somatic editing, 246, 276–77, 288, 329, 336, 338, 341
therapies, 233, 245–51
blindness, xviii, 250
cancer, xviii, 249–51
safe viruses as delivery method in, 456
sickle cell, xviii, 245–49, 329, 340
CRISPR-associated (Cas) enzymes, 73, 76, 84, 86, 92 Cas1, 86–87, 106, 128
Cas6, 106–7, 113, 128
as diagnostic tool, 115, 118
Cas9, 86, 92, 119, 124–25, 127, 128, 129–36, 133, 422–24, 440
purchasing of, 380
see also CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
Cas12, 86, 422–24, 429
Cas13, 86, 379, 423–25, 429, 451, 452, 454–57
CASCADE array of, 111
fluorescence microscopy and, 107–8
Zhang’s work with multiple proteins, 181
CRISPR babies, 245–47, 297–332, 325–32, 335, 337 birth of, 311–13, 315, 318
He Jiankui’s conviction and sentencing for his work, 332
He Jiankui’s removal of HIV receptor in, xv–xvi, 251, 303–13, 316–24, 369, 404
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, xiii, xiv, xvii–xix, 60, 90, 94, 97–98, 132–36, 151–241, 272 applications of, see CRISPR applications
codons and, 190, 191–92, 194
companies formed to commercialize applications of, 203–13, 430
CRISPR Therapeutics, 207, 213, 245, 465
Editas Medicine, 209–13, 250, 454
Intellia Therapeutics, 213
competition to prove human application of, xv, 64, 143–49, 155–56, 157–60, 201–2, 374
Church in, 64, 160, 173–74, 192–95, 197–99, 201, 202
Doudna in, xv, 64, 160, 173–74, 179, 187–90, 197–202
Lander in, 64, 160
Zhang in, xv, 64, 159–60, 174, 175–86, 191–95, 197, 199–202, 227
Doudna and Charpentier’s 2012 paper on, 126, 137–41, 144–46, 148, 149, 156, 172–73, 179, 180, 182–86, 191, 192, 194–95, 202, 227, 233, 237–38, 374–75
in eukaryotic cells, 148–49, 184, 237–38
as inevitable, 202
in vitro vs. in vivo, 184, 382
Isaacson’s learning of, xiv, 378, 379–83
licensing of, 208, 211
moral questions concerning, see moral questions
patents for, 92, 94, 115, 135–36, 144, 156, 232–41
of Doudna, Charpentier, and Berkeley, 207–8, 210, 219, 224, 233–40
Doudna’s battle with Zhang over, 184, 194, 208, 224, 234–40, 425, 470
pool idea for, 207–8
of Zhang and the Broad Institute, 192, 207–8, 210–11, 219, 224–27, 233–40
regulation of, 255, 361
Šikšnys’s paper and, 144
transposons and, 374, 375
virus infections and, xv, xix
CRISPR conferences, 93, 129 in Berkeley (2012), 140, 141, 145–49
at Cold Spring Harbor, 302, 304, 385, 391, 393, 397, 415, 458, 459–67
in Quebec (2019), 373–77
CRISPR Journal, 85, 309, 319
CRISPR Therapeutics, 207, 213, 245, 465
crowdsourcing, 256–57, 285, 464
cryocooling, 57, 63
crystallography, 84, 187 Cas1 and, 86–87
DNA and, 19–23, 51
“photograph 51,” 25, 25, 395
phase problem in, 57
RNA and, 53, 55–57, 66, 171, 181
Cumberbatch, Benedict, 219
Cure Sickle Cell Initiative, 248
Curie, Marie, 8, 470
curiosity, 478–79 of Doudna, xix, 4, 5, 8, 31, 46, 51, 479
science driven by, xix, 89, 90, 457, 473, 479
Current Contents, 72
cystic fibrosis, 248
cytosine, 26, 27
Daley, George, 282, 316, 324, 369
Danisco, 90–92, 143, 148, 177, 220
Dantseva, Dariia, 434, 443–45
DARPA, 259–62, 351, 452, 454 Safe Genes project of, 260, 262, 380
Darwin, Charles, 10, 11–14, 28, 159, 292, 302, 364, 475
Davenport, Charles, 37
Davies, Kevin, 85, 309, 320
Davis, Miles, 345
Davos, World Economic Forum in, 368
deafness, 346–48
Decoding Watson (PBS documentary), 384, 386, 389–90, 392, 393
Deem, Michael, 298, 300, 301, 307–9
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 259–62, 351, 452, 454 Safe Genes project of, 260, 262, 380
Defense Department, U.S., 4, 259, 262
Defoe, Daniel, 414
Deisseroth, Karl, 167
Delbrück, Max, 37
Deltcheva, Elitza, 125–26
Dengue virus, 424
depression, 166, 352–53 bipolar disorder, 177, 327, 352–53
Derain, André, 395
designer babies, 355–56 see also CRISPR babies
Desmond-Hellmann, Sue, 100
DETECTR (DNA endonuclease targeted CRISPR trans reporter), 422–23, 429, 460
Dhanda, Rahul, 428
diabetes, 99
Diana, Princess, 100
Diaz, Cameron, 219
Dicer enzyme, 66, 79
Didion, Joan, 7
digital technology, xvii, 28, 114
disabilities, 345–48
diversity, 362, 376, 480
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), xvii, xviii, 17–28, 43–47 bases in, 26, 27, 37, 71, 382, 480
in central dogma of biology, 44, 47, 270
cloning, 34–35, 98, 153, 280, 313, 415–16
CRISPR sequences of, see CRISPR
crystallography and, 19–23, 51
discovery of double-helix structure of, xviii, 7, 11, 26–28, 29–31, 46, 51, 58, 159, 386, 390, 395, 397, 423, 470
editing of, see gene editing
Franklin’s work on, xviii, 7, 22–26, 28, 31, 46, 51, 53, 227, 389, 459, 470
“photograph 51,” 25, 25, 395
Human Genome Project and, 37–41, 43, 45, 74, 172, 175, 280, 330, 352, 388, 390, 391
“junk,” 416
model of, 16, 27
mutations in, 41, 302
Pauling’s work on structure of, 21–25, 51, 159, 391
“photograph 51” of, 25, 25, 395
race to discover structure of, 21–28, 159, 390, 391
reverse transcription and, 270, 408
sequencing of, 71–72, 74, 79, 80, 83, 172
vaccines, 439–41, 444–45, 456
in viruses, 65
in yeast, 35, 45
Dolly the sheep, 280, 313, 415–16
Double Helix, The (Watson), xix, 6–8, 9, 20, 21, 27, 29–31, 50, 157, 328, 391, 397, 398, 414, 459, 477–78
Doudna, Dorothy (mother), 2, 4, 5, 32, 98, 472–73
Doudna, Ellen (sister), 2, 472–73
Doudna, Jennifer, 2, 62, 130, 138, 158, 188, 204, 214, 282, 298 as bench scientist, 103
at Berkeley, xiii–xv, xvii, 64–65, 83, 98, 101, 107
Berkeley lab of, 103–11, 104, 117
Isaacson learns to edit at, xiv, 378, 379–83
birth of, 4
business school considered by, 98
Caribou Biosciences, 113–18, 203, 207–8, 213
Intellia Therapeutics, 213
chemistry studied by, 31–34, 478
childhood of, xix, 2, 3–8, 31, 123
Charpentier’s rift with, 215–21, 464, 466
Church’s email to, 173, 197
coauthors on papers of, 48
at conferences, 287–90, 292, 303, 332, 367, 373, 375, 385, 459–61
at congressional hearing, 325, 328–29
CRISPR work of
Banfield calls and invites her to collaborate, xviii, 77, 79–80, 81, 93, 471
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences awarded for, 219–21
Church’s paper and, 197, 234
collaboration with Charpentier, 135, 140, 160, 183, 199–200, 206, 215–21, 464–67, 475
company formations and, 203–13
competition to adapt CRISPR into tool for gene editing in humans, xv, 64, 160, 173–74, 179, 187–90, 197–202
creation of lab team, 103–11
defense applications and, 259–61
diagnostic tests and, 422–23
Editas Medicine and, 209–13
ethical considerations of, 367–70
Kavli Prize awarded for, 221
Lander’s “Heroes of CRISPR” and, 223–29, 388
medical applications and, 247–49, 251
meeting Charpentier, 119, 122, 127–28, 200
Nobel Prize awarded for, xix, 468, 469–73
paper for eLife, 198–201, 215, 225, 237
paper written with Charpentier (2012), 126, 137–41, 144–46, 148, 149, 156, 172–73, 179, 180, 182–86, 191, 192, 194–95, 202, 227, 233, 237–38, 374–75
patent for, 207–8, 210, 219, 224, 233–40
patent battle with Zhang, 184, 194, 208, 224, 234–40, 425, 470
possible partnership with Zhang, 207–8
publicity for, 216–17, 220, 223
review article written with Charpentier (2014), 215
Zhang’s emails and, 200–201, 207
see also CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
curiosity of, xix, 4, 5, 8, 31, 46, 51, 479
The Double Helix read by, xix, 6–8, 29–31, 157, 328, 391, 397, 398, 414, 459, 477
first marriage of, 54–56, 63
Genentech and, 97–102, 103, 105, 107, 113, 114
on gene therapy, 279
germline editing views of, 331–32, 367–70
at Harvard, 34–35, 40, 64, 208
He Jiankui and, 298, 302–4, 315–17, 319, 321–24, 328, 332
in high school, 31
Hitler nightmare of, 283, 286
at Hong Kong summit (International Summit on Human Gene Editing, 2015), 282, 292–93, 366
husband of, see Cate, Jamie
Innovative Genomics Institute, 248, 261, 380–82, 401–3
COVID and, 401–5, 413–18, 419
Mammoth Biosciences and, xv, 249–50, 423
medical school considered by, 98
midlife crisis of, 97, 101
Napa Valley conference organized by, 287–90, 292, 303, 332, 367
in National Academy video, 355
at Pomona College, 30, 31–34
Qi and, 453–56
at Quebec conference, 373, 375
RNA work of, xviii, 45–49, 51–61, 63, 65–67, 134, 181, 220, 435–36, 446
son of, see Cate, Andrew
Watson and, xviii, 8, 29, 48–50, 396
Watson visited by, 395–98
at Yale, 52, 57, 60–61, 63
Doudna, Martin (father), 2, 3–8, 32, 34, 58–60, 397–98, 472–73 cancer of, 58–59
death of, 59–60
Watson’s The Double Helix given to Jennifer by, xix, 6–8, 477
Doudna, Sarah (sister), 2, 3, 472–73
