God guns and sedition, p.49
God, Guns, and Sedition, page 49
164. National Security Council, National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism, June 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/National-Strategy-for-Countering-Domestic-Terrorism.pdf.
165. Josh Dawsey and Felicia Sonmez, “RNC Votes to Condemn Cheney, Kinzinger for Serving on House Committee Investigating Jan. 6 Attack on the Capitol by Pro-Trump Mob,” Washington Post, February 3, 2022; Josh Dawsey and Felicia Sonmez, “ ‘Legitimate Political Discourse’: Three Words About Jan. 6 Spark Rift Among Republicans,” Washington Post, February 8, 2022.
166. Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Leader of Oath Keepers and 10 Other Individuals Indicted in Federal Court for Seditious Conspiracy and Other Offenses Related to U.S. Capitol Breach,” January 13, 2022, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/leader-oath-keepers-and-10-other-individuals-indicted-federal-court-seditious-conspiracy-and.
167. U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, “United States of America v. Joshua James, Statement of Offense,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1479551/download.
168. Southern Poverty Law Center, The Year in Hate & Extremism 2021, 2022, https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/splc-2021-year-in-hate-extremism-report.pdf.
169. Payton Gendron, “What You Need to Know,” May 2022.
170. “Accelerationist Neo-Nazi Propagandists Celebrate Buffalo Shooter as ‘Saint,” SITE Intelligence Group, May 31, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/accelerationist-neo-nazi-propagandists-celebrate-buffalo-shooter-as-saint.html; “Criticizing Buffalo Shooter, Accelerationist Neo-Nazis Incite Attacks on American Jews,” SITE Intelligence Group, June 2, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/criticizing-buffalo-shooter-accelerationist-neo-nazis-incite-attacks-on-american-jews.html.
171. “Neo-Nazi Accelerationists Call for Monthly Attacks on Anniversary of Buffalo Shooting,” SITE Intelligence Group, May 16, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/neo-nazi-accelerationists-call-for-monthly-attacks-on-anniversary-of-buffalo-shooting.html; “Neo-Nazis Continue Calls for Monthly Violent Attacks on Anniversary of Buffalo Shooting,” SITE Intelligence Group, June 15, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/neo-nazis-continue-calls-for-monthly-violent-attacks-on-anniversary-of-buffalo-shooting.html; “Recent Hate Attacks Celebrated by Neo-Nazis Marking Buffalo Shooting’s Month Anniversary,” SITE Intelligence Group, June 17, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/recent-hate-attacks-celebrated-by-neo-nazis-marking-buffalo-shooting-s-month-anniversary.html.
172. For more on the assassination threats, see Bruce Hoffman and Jacob Ware, “The Accelerating Threat of the Political Assassination,” War on the Rocks, August 24, 2022, https://warontherocks.com/2022/08/the-accelerating-threat-of-the-political-assassination/.
173. “Senator Susan Collins Targeted After Saying She’ll Vote to Confirm Ketanji Brown Jackson,” SITE Intelligence Group, March 30, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/senator-susan-collins-targeted-after-saying-she-ll-vote-to-confirm-ketanji-brown-jackson.html.
174. “Violent Threats Made Against Arizona Attorney General After Accusations of Targeting ‘Patriots,’ ” SITE Intelligence Group, May 17, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/violent-threats-made-against-arizona-attorney-general-after-accusations-of-targeting-patriots.html; Michael McDaniel, “Arizona Attorney General Finds Logistical and Legal ‘Concerns’ After Election Probe,” Courthouse News Service, April 6, 2022, https://www.courthousenews.com/arizona-attorney-generals-election-investigation-finds-logistical-and-legal-concerns/.
175. “Announcement of New Gun Legislation Sparks Threats Against Participating Senators,” SITE Intelligence Group, June 14, 2022, https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/threats-against-traitorous-senators-made-following-announcement-of-new-gun-legislation.html.
176. Alan Feuer and Maggie Haberman, “Hard Right Stokes Outrage After Search of Mar-a-Lago,” New York Times, August 30, 2022; Kim Bellware, “There Will Be ‘Riots in the Street’ If Trump Is Prosecuted, Graham Says,” Washington Post, August 29, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/29/lindsey-graham-riots/.
177. Ronny Jackson (@RonnyJacksonTX), August 8, 2022, 10:06 PM, https://twitter.com/RonnyJacksonTX/status/1556824211200647170; Jacob Ware, “The Violent Far-Right Terrorist Threat to American Law Enforcement,” CFR.org, January 24, 2023, https://www.cfr.org/blog/violent-far-right-terrorist-threat-american-law-enforcement.
178. Dareh Gregorian and Phil Helsel, “GOP Candidate for Florida House Is Booted from Twitter After Post About Shooting Federal Agents,” NBC News, August 19, 2022, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/gop-candidate-florida-house-booted-twitter-post-shooting-federal-agent-rcna44020.
179. Alan Feuer, “The F.B.I. Search Ignited the Language of Violence and Civil War on the Far Right,” New York Times, August 9, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/09/us/fbi-search-violence-civil-war.html.
180. Steve Benen, “Trump Promotes Barrage of QAnon Content via Social Media Platform,” Rachel Maddow Show, August 30, 2022, https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/maddowblog/trump-promotes-barrage-qanon-content-social-media-platform-rcna45526.
181. FBI National Press Office, “Statement from Director Wray,” August 11, 2022, https://www.fbi.gov/news/press-releases/press-releases/statement-from-director-wray.
182. Will Carless, “Suspect in Cincinnati FBI Breach May Have Posted on Trump’s Truth Social During Incident,” USA Today, August 11, 2022, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/08/11/cincinnati-fbi-trump-truth-social/10304105002/; “Gunman Who Targeted FBI a Radicalized Trump Supporter, Saw Mar-a-Lago Search as Call to Arms,” Anti-Defamation League, August 11, 2022, https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/gunman-who-targeted-fbi-radicalized-trump-supporter-saw-mar-lago-search-call-arms.
183. Feuer and Haberman, “Hard Right Stokes Outrage After Search of Mar-a-Lago”; Matt Dixon, “Florida Judge Who Approved FBI Search of Mar-a-Lago Faces Barrage of Antisemitic Online Attacks,” Politico, August 12, 2022, https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/12/florida-judge-fbi-search-of-mar-a-lago-anti-semitic-attacks-00051489.
184. Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson, “The Real Fallout from the Mar-a-Lago Search,” Politico, August 19, 2022, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/08/19/fallout-mar-a-lago-search-00052799.
185. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, “United States v. David DePape, Indictment,” https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/cases-of-interest/usa-vs-david-wayne-depape/Dig-Indictment-package-DePape-_003_.pdf.
186. Amber Lee and KTVU Staff, “DePape in Bizarre Phone Call to KTVU Says He Should Have Been ‘More Prepared,’ ” FOX 2 KTVU, January 27, 2023, https://www.ktvu.com/news/depape-in-bizarre-phone-call-to-ktvu-says-he-should-have-been-more-prepared.
187. Alex Seitz-Wald, “Republicans Who Questioned the 2020 Results Are Bringing Back an Old Norm: Admitting Defeat,” NBC News, November 10, 2022, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/republicans-questioned-2020-results-are-bringing-back-old-norm-admitin-rcna56486; “ ‘We Put Up One Heck of a Fight’: Walker Concedes Senate Runoff to Warnock,” Fox 5 Atlanta, December 7, 2022, https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/herschel-walker-concession-speech-georgia-senate-runoff-warnock; Anders Hagstrom and Courtney De George, “Mehmet Oz calls John Fetterman to Officially Concede Pennsylvania Senate Race,” Fox News, November 9, 2022, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/mehmet-oz-calls-john-fetterman-officially-concede-pennsylvania-senate-race.
188. Spencer S. Hsu and Hannah Allam, “Landmark Oath Keepers Verdict Hobbles Group, but the Movement Lives On,” Washington Post, December 3, 2022.
189. “Final Report: Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol.”
190. Mary Clare Jalonick, “Jan. 6 Panel Shutting Down After Referring Trump for Crimes,” Associated Press, January 2, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-politics-united-states-government-house-of-representatives-us-department-justice-d529c94071f3ab2bbbca5c520f5f1c48.
9. COUNTERING FAR-RIGHT TERRORISM
1. Catie Edmonson, “ ‘So the Traitors Know the Stakes’: The Meaning of the Jan. 6 Gallows,” New York Times, June 16, 2022.
2. “Antiterrorism And Effective Death Penalty Act Of 1996,” https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/senate-bill/735; Legal Information Institute, “Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),” Cornell Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/antiterrorism_and_effective_death_penalty_act_of_1996_(aedpa).
3. Cynthia Miller-Idriss, Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), 20.
4. Jennifer Steinhauer, “Veterans Fortify the Ranks of Militias Aligned with Trump’s Views,” New York Times, September 11, 2021.
5. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).
6. Michael Signer, Cry Havoc: Charlottesville and American Democracy Under Siege (New York: PublicAffairs, 2020), 126–30, 141–43, 264–73; James Verini, “The Paradox of Prosecuting Domestic Terrorism,” New York Times Magazine, February 8, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/section/magazine.
7. Mark S. Hamm and Ramón Spaaij, The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).
8. Walter Laqueur and Christopher Wall, The Future of Terrorism: ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and the Alt-Right (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2018), 242.
9. See, for example, Thomas Seal, “U.K. Is Toughening Up Online Harms Bill, Culture Secretary Says,” Bloomberg, November 23, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-23/u-k-is-toughening-up-online-harms-bill-culture-secretary-says; Edina Harbinja, “U.K.’s Online Safety Bill: Not That Safe, After All?,” Lawfare, July 8, 2021, https://www.lawfareblog.com/uks-online-safety-bill-not-safe-after-all; Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and Home Office, Consultation Outcome: Online Harms White Paper: Full Government Response to the Consultation, December 15, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/online-harms-white-paper/outcome/online-harms-white-paper-full-government-response.
10. “Executive Summary,” in Consultation Outcome: Online Harms White Paper: Full Government Response to the Consultation, December 15, 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/online-harms-white-paper/outcome/online-harms-white-paper-full-government-response#executive-summary.
11. See, for example, Megan Squire, “Monetizing Propaganda: How Far-Right Extremists Earn Money by Video Streaming,” WebSci ’21: 13th International ACM Conference on Web Science in 2021, June 21–25, 2021, New York City, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05929.pdf; Tonya Riley, “Political Extremists Are Using YouTube to Monetize Their Toxic Ideas,” Mother Jones, September 18, 2018, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/09/political-extremists-are-using-youtube-to-monetize-their-toxic-ideas/; Rebecca Lewis, “Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube,” Data & Society, September 18, 2018, https://datasociety.net/library/alternative-influence/; Katherine J. Wu, “Radical Ideas Spread Through Social Media. Are the Algorithms to Blame?” Nova, March 28, 2019, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/radical-ideas-social-media-algorithms/.
12. Adam Satariano, “British Ruling Pins Blame on Social Media for Teenager’s Suicide,” New York Times, October 1, 2022.
13. Wu, “Radical Ideas Spread Through Social Media.”
14. Elizabeth Grimm Arsenault and Joseph Stabile, “Confronting Russia’s Role in Transnational White Supremacist Extremism,” Just Security, February 6, 2020, https://www.justsecurity.org/68420/confronting-russias-role-in-transnational-white-supremacist-extremism/.
15. For more, see Clint Watts, Messing with the Enemy: Surviving in a Social Media World of Hackers, Terrorists, Russians, and Fake News (New York: Harper, 2018), 136.
16. Watts, Messing with the Enemy, 156.
17. Yochai Benkler, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts, Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 5.
18. “Capitol Hill Siege,” GW Program on Extremism, https://extremism.gwu.edu/Capitol-Hill-Siege; Michael Kunzelman, “Capitol Rioters’ Social Media Posts Influencing Sentencings,” Associated Press, December 11, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/media-prisons-social-media-capitol-siege-sentencing-0a60a821ce19635b70681faf86e6526e.
19. AWD Program, seen by authors.
20. “Ko tō tātou kāinga tēnei”—Royal Commission of Inquiry Into the Terrorist Attack on Christchurch Masjidain on 15 March 2019, December 8, 2020, part 4, chap. 4, https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/.
21. Gregory F. Treverton, Intelligence for an Age of Terror (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 145.
22. “GW Extremism Tracker,” George Washington Program on Extremism, (no date), https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs5746/files/DecGWET2022-4.pdf.
23. Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Second Member of “Boogaloo Bois” Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to Hamas,” May 4, 2021, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/second-member-boogaloo-bois-pleads-guilty-conspiracy-provide-material-support-hamas; Christina Carrega, “Two Self-Proclaimed Members of ‘Boogaloo Bois’ Charged with Attempting to Support Hamas,” CNN, September 6, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/04/politics/boogaloo-hamas/index.html.
24. Helen Taylor, “Domestic Terrorism and Hate Crimes: Legal Definitions and Media Framing of Mass Shootings in the United States,” Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 14, no. 3 (2019): 230; “What Is the Threat to the United States Today?,” New America, https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/reports/terrorism-in-america/what-is-the-threat-to-the-united-states-today/.
25. Taylor, “Domestic Terrorism and Hate Crimes,” 239.
26. Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Neo-Nazi Leader Sentenced to Five Years in Federal Prison for Explosives Charges,” January 9, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/neo-nazi-leader-sentenced-five-years-federal-prison-explosives-charges; “Documenting Hate: New American Nazis,” Frontline, February 4, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/documenting-hate-new-american-nazis/.
27. Rachel Weiner, “After Renouncing White Supremacist Ideology, Virginia Man Sentenced to Year in Prison,” Washington Post, February 28, 2020.
28. Katie Mettler and Paul Duggan, “Two Accused of Plotting Racial ‘Civil War’ Are Sentenced to 9 Years Each in Federal Prison,” Washington Post, October 28, 2021; Verini, “The Paradox of Prosecuting Domestic Terrorism.”
29. Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Former Police Officer Sentenced for Attempting to Support ISIS,” February 23, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-police-officer-sentenced-attempting-support-isis.
30. U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of Florida, United States Department of Justice, “Man Who Attempted to Provide Material Support to ISIS Sentenced to 16 Years in Federal Prison,” February 2, 2022, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdfl/pr/man-who-attempted-provide-material-support-isis-sentenced-16-years-federal-prison.
31. Quoted in U.S. Department of Justice, “Maryland Woman and Florida Man Charged Federally for Conspiring to Destroy Energy Facilities,” Justice News, February 6, 2023, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/maryland-woman-and-florida-man-charged-federally-conspiring-destroy-energy-facilities. See also U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of Maryland, “Federal Indictment Returned Charging Maryland Woman and Florida Man for Conspiring to Destroy Energy Facilities,” February 14, 2023, https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/federal-indictment-returned-charging-maryland-woman-and-florida-man-conspiring-destroy; Glenn Thrush and Michael Levenson, “Pair Is Charged with Plotting to ‘Destroy Baltimore’ by Attacking Electrical Grid,” New York Times, February 6, 2023; Rachel Weiner, Jasmine Hilton and Dan Morse, “Duo Accused of Neo-Nazi Plot to Target Maryland Power Stations,” Washington Post, February 6, 2023; Emily Mae Czachor and Nicole Sganga, “2 Suspects Arrested for Conspiring to Attack Baltimore Power Grid, Officials Say,” CBS News, February 6, 2023, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/baltimore-power-grid-attack-plot-fbi-suspects-arrested-sarah-beth-clendaniel-brandon-russell/.
32. See, for example, Brian Michael Jenkins, “Five Reasons to Be Wary of a New Domestic Terrorism Law,” The Hill, February 23, 2021, https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/540096-what-exactly-is-the-definition-of-terrorism-and-four-other-reasons; Nicole Narea, “Why Progressives Are Lining Up Against New Criminal Penalties for Domestic Terrorism,” Vox, March 22, 2021, https://www.vox.com/22343959/criminal-law-domestic-terrorism-capitol-riot-congress; Michael German, “Why New Laws Aren’t Needed to Take Domestic Terrorism More Seriously,” Brennan Center for Justice, December 14, 2018, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/why-new-laws-arent-needed-take-domestic-terrorism-more-seriously.
